Cop12 Agenda Document Item 4 7 Action Plan for Far Eastern Curlew

Figure 3. Risk Prioritization

Likelihood	Consequences
	Not significant	Minor	Moderate	Major	Catastrophic
Almost certain	Low	Moderate	Very High	Very High	Very High
Likely	Low	Moderate	High	Very High	Very High
Possible	Low	Moderate	High	Very High	Very High
Unlikely	Low	Low	Moderate	High	Very High
Rare or Unknown	Low	Low	Moderate	High	Very High

Categories for likelihood are defined as follows:

Almost certain – expected to occur every year

Likely – expected to occur at least once every five years

Possible – might occur at some time

Unlikely – such events are known to have occurred on a worldwide basis but only a few times

Rare or Unknown – may occur only in exceptional circumstances; OR it is currently unknown how often the incident will occur

Categories for consequences are defined as follows:

Not significant – no long-term effect on individuals or populations

Minor – individuals are adversely affected but no effect at population level

Moderate – population recovery stalls or reduces

Major – population decreases

Catastrophic – population extinction

Figure 4. Far Eastern Curlew Population Residual Risk Matrix

Likelihood of occurrence	Consequences
	Not significant	Minor	Moderate	Major	Catastrophic
Almost certain		Harvesting of shorebird prey	Hunting, Poaching and Incidental Take Disturbance	Climate change	Habitat loss
Likely		Chronic pollution Invasive species	Altered hydrological regimes Structural modification of feeding flats Farming
Possible
Unlikely			Acute pollution
Rare or Unknown

4. Policies and legislation relevant for management

4.1 International conservation and legal status of the species

IUCN Status

CMS

EndangeredA2bc+3bc+4bc (2015): A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the following criteria (A to E), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild: A. Reduction in population size based on any of the following: 1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 70% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following: (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or parasites. 2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 50% over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1. 3. A population size reduction of ≥nbsp;50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1. 4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction of ≥ 50% over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

Appendix I (2011) Appendix II as part of the Scolopacidae. Designated for Concerted and Cooperative action at COP11 (Quito, Ecuador, 2014).

4.2 International conventions and agreements ratified by Range States

Country	CMS	CBD	Ramsar	EAAFP
Australia				
Brunei Darussalam		
Cambodia				
China				
Fiji*			
Guam (to USA)*			
Indonesia				
Japan				
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea		
Republic of Korea				
Malaysia				
Federated States of Micronesia*		
Mongolia				
New Zealand				
New Caledonia & French Polynesia (to France)*			
Northern Mariana Islands (to USA)*			
Palau			
Papua New Guinea			
Philippines				
Russian Federation				
Singapore				
Thailand				
Timor-Leste		
Vietnam				

* Considered a vagrant.
4.3 National legislation relevant to the Far Eastern Curlew

Country	National Protection Status		Law protecting species		Legal protection from illegal killing, taking, trading, keeping or moving.		Penalties		Responsible Authority
Australia		Commonwealth: Critically Endangered State: QLD:Near threatened NSW: Not listed NT:Vulnerable SA:Vulnerable TAS: Endangered WA:Vulnerable VIC:Vulnerable		Australia has a Federal Government with 8 separate State or Territory Governments. The Australian Government has responsibility for matters in the national interest, and for non-state/territory areas, which includes the marine environment from 3 nautical miles out to the edge of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The State and Territory governments have responsibility for issues within their jurisdictional borders, including State/Territory waters. Far Eastern Curlews are listed as threatened, migratory and marine under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). It is an offence to kill, injure, take, trade, keep or move the species in a Commonwealth area (i.e. Commonwealth waters), unless the person taking the action holds a permit under the EPBC Act. Implementing legislation: Commonwealth: Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 QLD: Nature Conservation Act 1992 NSW: Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995; National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 NT: Territory Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000 SA: National Parks and Wildlife Act 1972 TAS: Threatened Species Protection Act 1995; Living Marine Resources Management Act 1995 WA: Wildlife Conservation Act 1950; Conservation and Land Management Act 1984 VIC: Wildlife Act 1975; Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1988		Yes, through Commonwealth and State/Territory implementing legislation.		The EPBC Act provides penalties (financial and incarceration time) for various offences relating to listed threatened and migratory shorebirds. Penalties for offenses relating to native wildlife exist under other Commonwealth, State and Territory legislation.		Department of the Environment (Commonwealth)
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
China	Far Eastern Curlew is listed in the Lists of terrestrial wildlife under state protection, which are beneficial or of important economic or scientific value.		Environmental Protection Law 1989 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife 1988   Marine Environment Protection Law 1999		Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife indicates: -Hunting without licence is prohibited -Activities which are harmful to the living and breeding of wildlife shall be prohibited. - The areas and seasons closed to hunting as well as the prohibited hunting gear and methods shall be specified by governments at or above the county level or by the departments of wildlife administration under them - The hunting or catching of wildlife by the use of military weapons, poison or explosives shall be prohibited.
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China	Protected		Wild Animals Protection Ordinance		Hunting and possession prohibited		Depending on offense; imprisonment or a fine of HK$10,000-100,000.		Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department
Indonesia
Japan	National Red List: Vulnerable		Far Eastern Curlew is designated as a rare wild animal species under the Wildlife Protection Control and Hunting Management Act, and taking of the birds or their eggs is prohibited unless the person taking the action holds a permit by the Minister of the Environment.		Taking of the birds or their eggs is prohibited unless the person taking the action holds a permit by the Minister of the Environment.		The Wildlife Protection Control and Hunting Management Act provides penalties (financial and incarceration time) for illegal taking of the birds and their eggs.		Ministry of the Environment
Democratic People’s Republic of Korea
Republic of Korea	Endangered Species II Marine Organisms under Protection		Wildlife Protection and Management Act Conservation and Management of Marine Ecosystems Act		Protected legally by prohibition of illegal capture, collecting, keeping, trading.		Punished by imprisonment for not more than 3 years or by a fine not exceeding 30 million won.		Ministry of Environment Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries
Malaysia	No National Red List for Birds		Peninsular Malaysia: Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 (Totally Protected) Sarawak: Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 (Protected) Sabah: Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 (Protected)		No hunting, taking etc. in Peninsular Malaysia under the law. For Sabah and Sarawak, limited hunting is permitted with proper licence.		Jail term and/or financial penalties.		Peninsular Malaysia: Department of Wildlife and National Parks (PERHILITAN) Sarawak: Sarawak Forestry Corporation (SFC) Sabah: Sabah Wildlife Department (SWD)
Mongolia	In Mongolia, it is assessed as Least Concern. Approximately 7.1% of the species’ range in Mongolia occurs within protected areas (Gombobaatar et al. 2011).		Mongolian Law on Nature Protection (2005), Mongolian Law on Fauna (2012)		Mongolian Law on Nature Protection (2005), Mongolian Law on Fauna (2012)				Ministry of Environment and Tourism of Mongolia
New Zealand	New Zealand Threat Classification Status: Migrant (Robertson et al. 2013)		Far Eastern Curlew are “Absolutely Protected Wildlife” pursuant to the Wildlife Act 1953.		Taking of the birds or their eggs is prohibited unless the person taking the action holds an Authority issued by the Department of Conservation.		The Wildlife Act provides penalties (financial and incarceration time) for various offences relating to absolutely protected wildlife.		Department of Conservation.
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Philippines			Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147)		Illegal capture, trading, transport is prohibited.		Provisions for penalties include financial and imprisonment		Department of Environment and natural Resources
Russian Federation	Listed in Red Data Book of Birds		Yes		Yes		Yes		Ministry of Nature Resources and Ecology
Singapore	Rare passage migrant		Parks & Trees Act, Wild Animals and Birds Act		Yes		Penalties (financial and/or incarceration)		National Parks Board Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Vietnam