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Care Manual Association of Zoos and Aquariums 122 ENRICHMENT SURVEY
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- Exhibit Substrate
- Auditory: Various animals throughout the Zoo. Tapes “rabbit in distress,” deer calls, radio. Enrichment Problems
- NOVEL OBJECTS RATING CHART The average rating for the chart is from 1 = no reaction to 5 = strong reaction. Institutions Novel objects
- Olfactory Rating Chart Institutions Olfactory items Average given Average Rating
- PROJECT BUDGET (if applicable)
Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual Association of Zoos and Aquariums 122 ENRICHMENT SURVEY A jaguar environmental enrichment survey was conducted during the creation of the AZA Jaguar SSP’s Guidelines for the Captive Management of Jaguars (Law, 2009). Twenty-two AZA institutions submitted data, which are detailed below. The results are broken down and intended to be a resource to show what other institutions are providing for enrichment and rate the success of each item. Each animal has its own individual demeanor, so the results here are by no means the definitive answer on how an animal will react. All the items submitted have not necessarily been tested, and what is fine for one jaguar can be problematic for another. Always have new items reviewed by your managers, nutritionists, and veterinarians and follow your facility’s safety guidelines. Exhibit Substrate: Grass, dirt, sand, cement, wood chips, mulch Outside Exhibit Furniture: Waterfall, pond, stream, rocks, bamboo, trees (evergreen, mulberry, elm) swinging logs, shrubs, deadfall trees, tree limbs at different levels, rock den, concrete cave, timber platform, straw bed, rock ledge, brush pile, fire hose hammock, hot rock, gunite rock/trees, tree stumps, vines, plants (honey suckle, palms, butterfly bush, junipers), wood bridge over 1 m (3.2 ft) dry moat Indoor Holding Area: Wooden bench, shelves (wooden, gunite, plywood, metal, Corian ® ) pallets, kennel, den, vines, hide box, ropes, hanging cedar logs, hanging tire, wooden perching, pool (approximately 1 m [3.2 ft] deep) List of Food Enrichment Items: Feline diet Rats crickets Fish - live tilapia, tuna, herring, frozen salmon, live goldfish, trout, minnows, live red shiners, smelts blood ice block fish ice block (successful) frozen bouillon blocks bagels soaked in blood gelatin made with blood blood ring with chicks meatballs boiled eggs fetal calf chunk horse meat rabbit, quail fresh blood frozen steaks frozen lamb mice fruit & vegetables grapes Chicken - Cooked chicken, necks, gizzard & hearts, liver, boneless chunks Bones: Venison, horse, cattle, frozen, beef tail, pork neck, horse shank, horse knuckle, mutton, cow leg Venison - ground or whole Horse - chunks of meat (training reward) liver, raw beef, pork hock Presention - hidden, meat smeared on rocks, fish in pond, buckets meat training reward, hidden in PVC tubes, tree bags, perches in box with lid, tossed in on ropes Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual Association of Zoos and Aquariums 123 Social: Non-tactile sensory contact (i.e. visual, auditory and olfactory) has been successfully implemented both conspecifically and inter-species in numerous institutions. Some remote inter-species sensory contact has been between predator and potential prey species (e.g. jaguars and horses, llamas, sheep, raccons, etc.) and between with other large predators (e.g. pumas and leopards). Tactile contact between jaguars, even through small-space steel mesh, has been reported to result in injury to paws, ears and other extremities. With vigilance during and after introductions, jaguars have successfully been housed in same-sex groups. However, social circumstances can change quickly and care must be taken to actively manage the animals’ daily. Auditory: Various animals throughout the Zoo. Tapes “rabbit in distress,” deer calls, radio. Enrichment Problems: Destruction and ingestion of non-food enrichment items is the problem most commonly reported. Fabric cloth, rope, and plastic items have been offered and subsequently discontinued by numerous institutions, either in an abundance of caution or due to impaction or vomiting. Similarly, items that can be considered food (e.g rawhide, small bones, whole prey) have been discontinued in some cases when vomiting or diarrhea resulted. NOVEL OBJECTS RATING CHART The average rating for the chart is from 1 = no reaction to 5 = strong reaction. Institutions Novel objects Average given Average rating 21 Cardboard box Monthly, bi-weekly, 4x a week 4 18 Boomer ball Weekly, daily 3 6 Burlap bags Weekly, bi-weekly, every 6 months 4 6 Bowling ball Daily, 3x a week 3 6 Feather Bi-weekly, weekly 3 6 Large barrel Daily, weekly, yearly 4 4 Large boomer ball Weekly 3 4 PVC Monthly 3 4 Ice block Monthly 3 4 Carpet tube Monthly, bi-monthly 4 4 Pumpkin Yearly, in fall 4 4 Paper mache prey animals Yearly, every few months 5 3 Phone book Occasionally, 2x / week, 2x / yr 4 3 Beer keg Weekly, monthly 4 3 Small boomer ball Daily, weekly 4 3 Horse tail Occasionally 4 2 Giant boomer ball Bi-weekly 4 2 Bamboo stalks Monthly 2, 4 with cinnamon 2 Spool Daily, weekly 4 2 Sheep’s wool Monthly 3 2 Plastic pails Occasionally 4 1 Boomer ball with holes for food placement Weekly 5 1 Tractor tire Weekly 5 1 Large “pill” Monthly 4 1 Log Monthly (likes to carry) 4 1 Lettuce head Monthly 3 Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual Association of Zoos and Aquariums 124 Institutions Novel objects Average given Average rating 1 Pigs ears Bi-weekly 3 1 Raw hides Bi-weekly 3 1 Frozen fish juice Occasionally 4 1 Beef noses/chins Weekly 4 1 Camel Hair 4x a year 3 1 Plastic hour glass toy Bi-weekly 4 1 Hay/wood wool 1 – 2x a month 3 1 Paper bags 5 1 Large heavy ball 2 1 Small barrel 2 1 Large plastic “spoolie” Daily 5 1 Large rubber trash can 3 – 4x a week 5 1 Small rubber trash can 2 – 3x a week 4-5 1 Large soft plastic hose reel Weekly 2-3 1 Large plastic trash can lids 1 – 2x a week 2-3 1 Plastic turkey feeder tray 1 – 2x a week 4-5 1 Bobbins 3x a week 2 1 Oranges Once a week 2 1 Large Tub Daily 5 1 5 gallon water jugs Once a month 1 1 Guanaco hair Once a month 3 1 5 gallon bucket 5 1 Tire 3x a week 4 1 Polyethylene bucket 4x a week 1 Olfactory Rating Chart Institutions Olfactory items Average given Average Rating 16 Perfume / Cologne Bi-weekly, weekly 3 9 Dry catnip Bi-weekly 3 7 Cinnamon Monthly, weekly 3 5 Garlic Bi-weekly, weekly, quarterly 3 4 Nutmeg Bi-monthly 3 4 Vanilla extract Bi-monthly, every 6 months 3 4 Boxes / hay with scent Weekly 5 3 Basil Monthly, weekly 2 3 Doe scent Bi-monthly 2 2 Fresh catnip Weekly in summer 5 2 Oregano Bi-weekly, weekly 3 2 Cloves Bi-weekly, weekly 2 2 Paprika Bi-weekly 4 2 Fox urine 2x a week 4 2 Mint extract Bi-weekly 4 2 Toys from other exhibits Weekly, monthly 3 1 Berry bliss (body mist) Bi-weekly 3 1 Catnip oil Every 2 – 3 weeks 4 1 Vinegar spray bottle with added scents Once a week 3 1 Allspice Bi-weekly 5 1 Sage Bi-weekly 3 1 5 Chinese spice Bi-monthly 5 1 Curry Bi-monthly 5 1 Pumpkin pie spice Bi-monthly 5 1 Onion Bi-weekly 3 1 Fresh spices Weekly 4 1 Fox scent Occasionally 3 1 Fox, Mink, Deer, oil Bi-weekly 4 1 Orange extracts Bi-weekly 3 Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual Association of Zoos and Aquariums 125 1 Anise extracts Bi-weekly 3 1 Lemon extracts Bi-monthly 5 1 Rum extracts Bi-monthly 5 1 Chicken spray 2x a week 3 1 Skunk scent Monthly 4 1 Fish herbs When available 3 1 Bongo feces Bi-monthly 1 1 Hoofstock feces Monthly 5 1 Boomer ball from other cats Weekly 5 1 New logs/stumps Yearly 3 1 Logs from other animals Bi-monthly 4 1 Explore Tiger cage Weekly in winter 3 1 Lanolin Bi-monthly 5 1 Deodorant Bi-monthly 3 1 Leaves from hoofstock Bi-monthly 5 1 Ginger Weekly 1 1 Maned wolf scent Once a week 3 Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual Association of Zoos and Aquariums 126 Appendix N: Jaguar SSP ® Conservation/Research Proposal Format The following information must be provided for consideration of research proposals or conservation projects for endorsement by the Jaguar SSP. To ensure that the SSP has ample time to review the request it should be submitted at least one month prior to any project or grant application deadlines. I. BIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION FOR PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR a) A resume or curriculum vitae for the principal investigator(s). Include any publication citations for the past five years. b) Grants funded or grant applications pending on this project or potential funding pending SSP approval II. IDENTIFICATION OF COOPERATING RESEARCHERS/INSTITUTIONS Provide a list of other researchers, consultants, or cooperating institutions involved in the proposed conservation and/or research project. III. ABSTRACT OF THE PROPOSED CONSERVATION/RESEARCH PROGRAM Describe the proposed conservation/research program, including: a) Statement of the problem and the program objectives b) Contribution of the proposed project to the field of study c) Long term goals of the proposed project d) Objectives planned for addressing the long-term goals described above IV. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN FOR PROPOSED PROJECT Provide specific details on the experimental design, including: a) Hypothesis to be tested (if applicable) b) Methods and materials c) Protocols for handling biological samples and assays (if applicable) d) Justification for species choice e) Measures to guarantee well being of animals f) Preliminary results (if available) V. PROJECT BUDGET (if applicable) Provide a description of sources and levels of funding to be applied to the proposed project, including remuneration for Jaguar SSP resources. VI. PROPOSED USE OF CONSERVATION/RESEARCH RESULTS/MATERIALS Provide a description of the anticipated use and distribution of the results, including: a) Professional journals b) Conferences (posters and papers) c) Other publications VII. TIMELINE Provide a timeline that includes the following information: a) Anticipated starting and completion dates b) The Jaguar SSP would appreciate periodic updates and a notification of any publications arising from the project. IX. LITERATURE REVIEW RELATED TO OVERALL RESEARCH PROGRAM These publications will support your "thesis" and your evaluation of the current state of understanding. Please follow the standard reference format as used by the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. The list and discussion need not be extensive but should be representative of the most pertinent and worthy publications. Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual Association of Zoos and Aquariums 127 Proposals must be submitted to Stacey Johnson, AZA Jaguar SSP Coordinator, San Diego Zoo Global, PO Box 120551, San Diego, CA 92112-0551; sjohnson@sandiegozoo.org . Include a proposal cover letter including an abstract and request for endorsement. Jaguar (Panthera onca) Care Manual Association of Zoos and Aquariums 128 Appendix O: Suggested Additional Reading Azevedo, F. & Verdade, L. (2012). Predator–prey interactions: jaguar predation on caiman in a floodplain forest. Journal of Zoology, 286, 200–207. Baker Jr., W. (1996). Biology of the Jaguar. Animal Keepers’ Forum, 23, 542–546 , 587–594. Barbiers, R. & Baker, Jr., W. (1999). Emergency Preparedness for Large Carnivores: Bears and Cats. In: AVMA Disaster Preparedness and Response. Schaumburg: AVMA. F-13, 344–345. Carrillo, E., Fuller, T., & Saenz, J. (2009). Jaguar hunting behavior and the effects of prey availability. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 25, 563–567. Crawshaw Jr., P. (1987). Top Cat in a Vast Brazilian Marsh. Animal Kingdom, 90(5), 12–19 Crawshaw Jr., P. & Quigley, H. (1991). Jaguar Spacing, Activity and Habitat Use in a Seasonally Flooded Environment in Brazil. Journal of Zoology, 223, 357–370. Foster, R., Harmsen, B., & Doncaster, C. (2010) Habitat use in sympatric populations of jaguar and puma in the context of human disturbance. BIOTROPICA, 42(6), 724–731. Harmsen, B., Foster, R., Silver, S., Ostro, L., & Doncaster, C. (2009). Spatial and Temporal Interactions of Sympatric Jaguars (Panthera onca) and Pumas (Puma concolor) in a Neotropical Forest. Journal of Mammalogy 90(3), 612–620. Harmsen, B., Foster, R., Silver, S., Ostro, L., & Doncaster, C. (2011). Jaguar and puma activity patterns in relation to their main prey. Mammalian Biology, 76, 320–324. Macdonald, D. (1987). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. Facts on File Publications. Mellen, J. (1997). Optimal Environment for Captive Felids. In: Plan Regional Para El Manejo La Conservacion De Los Felinos Mesoamericanos. Fundacion Pro Zoologicos, Universidad Nacional, and NOAHS Center. Nowak, R. (1975). Retreat of the Jaguar. National Parks Magazine, 49(12), 10–13. Quigley, H. (1987). Ecology and Conservation of the Jaguar in the Pantanal Region, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Ph.D. dissertation. University of Idaho. Rosas-Rosas, O., Bender, L., & Valdez, R. (2008). Jaguar and Puma Predation on Cattle Calves in Northeastern Sonora, México. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 61, 554–560. Rosas-Rosas, O., Bender, L., & Valdez, R.. (2010). Habitat correlates of jaguar kill-sites of cattle in northeastern Sonora, México Human–Wildlife Interactions 4(1):103–111. Schaller, G., Quigley, H., & Crawshaw, P. (1984). Biological Investigations in the Pantanal, Mato Grosso, Brazil. National Geographic Research Reports, 17, 777–792. Swank, W. & Teer, J. (1990). The Jaguar-A Symbol of Conservation Efforts in Latin America. Wildlife Management Inst. North American Wildlife & Natural Resources 55th Conference. Turner, A. (1997). Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives. Columbia University Press. Document Outline
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