Cs 60: Lecture Professor John Canny

CS 160: Lecture 2

• Professor John Canny

• Fall 2001

• August 30, 2001

History of HCI

• Personalities:

• Vannevar Bush - Universal information access
• J.C.R. Licklider - Networking, Agents
• Ivan Sutherland - Sketchpad
• Doug Engelbart - Mouse, GUI, Word proc...
• Ted Nelson - Hypertext
• Alan Kay - OO programming, Laptops

History of HCI

• Systems:

• Memex - 1945 (concept)
• Sketchpad - 1963
• NLS (oNLine System) - 1963-68
• (mouse ‘64)
• Xerox Alto ‘72, Star ‘81
• Grid Compass 1983
• Apple Lisa ‘83, Mac ‘84, NeXT ‘88
• Powerbook 1991
• HTML, HTTP 1994

History of HCI

• Politics

• Military Funding
• NDRC - OSRD - ARPA – DARPA
• Elite universities (MIT, Stanford, CMU, Berkeley)
• NSF 1950 present
• Xerox PARC - 1970 present
• Apple - NeXT
• Hypertext 1967...
• Prototypes: HES 1969, ZOG 1975...
• Xanadu 1981, not funded ‘til 87 (Hypercard 1987)
• 1989 Xanadu -> Autodesk, WWW proposal

People

• Vannevar Bush (1890-1974)

• Engineer by training (MIT)
• Differential analyzer - 1930
• Led computing research in ‘30s
• Created military research
• NDRC ‘40, OSRD ‘41-47
• Managed nuclear weapons research throughout the 40’s
• Wrote “science - the endless frontier” 1945
• Military consultant through 50’s

People

• Bush’s “as we may think” 1945

• Proposed the “Memex” a very modern computer

Bush’s Memex

• individuals store all personal books, records, communications

• items retrieved rapidly through indexing, keywords, cross references,...

• can annotate text with margin notes, comments...

• can construct a trail through the material and save it

• Acts as an external memory

Post-Memex

• After WWII, Bush continued to push for analogue computers (and against digital).

• You can’t win ‘em all!

J.C.R. Licklider 1915-1990

• Ph.D. 1942 Rochester, Psychologist

• Started “Human Engineering group” at MIT’s Lincoln labs in 1951

• Tried to evolve psych. into a department within Electrical Engineering

• ARPA created in 1958 in response to Sputnik, “Lick” became director in 1962.

• With ARPA sponsorship, the first CS programs were created:

• MIT, CMU, Berkeley, Stanford

J.C.R. Licklider 1915-1990

• At Arpa, Licklider promoted computing research and sponsored:

• Time-sharing
• Networking
• Engelbart’s and Sutherland’s online computing work

J.C.R. Licklider publications

• Man-computer symbiosis – 1960

• Libraries of the future – 1965

• The computer as communication device - 1968

Man-Computer Symbiosis - 1960

• Did self-observation of his daily work.

• Observed that much work was mundane and related to accessing and organizing information

• Proposed:

• Digital libraries
• Display screens with pen input and character recognition
• Wall displays for collaborative work
• Speech recognition and production for HCI

The Computer as a Communication Device - 1968

• Cooperative work with shared and individual screens

• Pen chat

• Online communities

• Agents – OLIVERs On-Line Vicarious Expediter and Responder

Networks, Time-sharing

• Much of Licklider’s sponsored research was unpopular in the engineering community:

• “Time-sharing is a waste of valuable computer time”

• “Why are we doing this?”

• BBN engineer about the first computer network

Ivan Sutherland 1938 -

• MIT Ph.D. in 1963

• Ph.D. work was “Sketchpad”

• Pioneered computer graphics and CAD

• Started Evans and Sutherland in 1968

Doug Engelbart 1925 -

• Ph.D. UC Berkeley (EE) in 1955

• Thesis on “plasma digital devices” - a way into computing

• Strongly influenced by Bush’s article

• Moved to SRI, started formulating human augmentation ideas in 1959

• Funding from ARPA in 1963

• NLS (oNLine System) demo 1968

Engelbart’s innovations

• NLS (1968) featured:

• Video screen and keyboard
• Mouse and chordal keyboard
• Videoconferencing
• Hypertext linking
• Word processing
• E-mail
• A window system
• User testing!

Engelbart’s work

• Continued at SRI, worked on network extensions

• Funding dwindles through the 70’s…, AI  HCI 

• NLS project sold in 1977 to Tymshare

• Half of the (~40) NLS engineers moved to Xerox PARC, others to Tymshare
• Engelbart fired from SRI in ’77, moves to Tymshare

• Migrated to McDonnell-Douglas in 1984, until 1989 pushed for open hypertext systems

• Started Bootstrap institute in 1989

Engelbart’s work

• 80s and 90s: Personal computing and the web happen

• Engelbart Receives the ACMTuring award in 1997

• “For an inspiring vision of the future of interactive computing and the invention of key technologies to help realize this vision”

Ted Nelson 1937 -

• M.A. Sociology, Harvard ’63

• Coined “hypertext” in 1960

• Worked with Van Dam at Brown on HES – 1967

• Designed Xanadu in 1981

• Global hypertext
• Pay-per-view
• Not funded until 1987

• Hypertext as a more natural medium than linear text for creative writing

• “I build paradigms. I work on complex ideas and make up words for them. It is the only way.”

Alan Kay 1940 -

• Ph.D. 1969 (Utah) Computer Graphics

• In 1968, met Seymour Papert (LOGO) in the MIT AI Lab. - kids can program!

• Moved to Xerox PARC in 1972

• Started developing “Smalltalk”, in the Learning Research Group

• First general OO programming language

• Influenced by Simula

• Engineers can program!

Alan Kay @ PARC

• Dynabook (laptop computer) conceived in 1968, well ahead of its time.

• As interim steps, Kay develops the Xerox Alto (1972) and Star, the first real personal computers.

Alan Kay @ PARC

• The Star (1981 and begun in 1975) in particular was a very advanced machine. It had most of the “WIMP” elements we know today.

• The Star was the result of extensive user testing, and its design has stood the test of time.

• Many design features were better than its successors (e.g. object-oriented editing features)

The Star group

• The Star design team developed a new methodology for system design:

• Task analysis

• Wide range of users

• Usage scenarios

• Decomposition of design:

• display and control interface
• User’s conceptual model

• Many prototyping cycles

• Desktop metaphor, direct manipulation, WYSIWYG

Alan Kay @ PARC

• But the Star was expensive and slow ($25k).

• Steve Jobs and Apple engineers visited PARC in 1979, and that set the path for Apple

• 15 PARC engineers migrated to Apple

• Apple Lisa ships in 1983 at $10,000, and fails in the marketplace

• The Apple Macintosh ships in 1984 at $2500, and the personal computing market changes for good

Alan Kay after PARC

• Kay worked briefly at Atari, then became an Apple fellow in 1984. Often visited the MIT Media Lab in the 80’s and 90’s.

• In 1996 he left for Disney to become a Disney fellow.

• Left Disney in June this year because of cutbacks

Alan Kay quote

• "Don't worry about what anybody else is going to do… The best way to predict the future is to invent it. Really smart people with reasonable funding can do just about anything that doesn't violate too many of Newton's Laws!"

The future?

• Smart rooms

• Multi-modal interaction

• Wearable computers

Summary

• Many seminal ideas came from the very early years of computing

• Considering the user (even if its yourself) leads to new ideas

• Innovation happened in bursts, depending on funding and the right environment

• A modern design process led to a very modern design (the Xerox Star)