He proposed that although “local signs” contribute to depth perception they are of secondary importance. - The interpretive action of a higher center in the brain is most important.
He paralleled Kant’s view of the nature of space.
Like Brentano, Stumpf distinguished between phenomena and mental functions. Like Brentano, Stumpf distinguished between phenomena and mental functions.- He called sensory images, tones, colors phenomenology.
- Seeing, hearing, perceiving, thinking are cognitive acts.
He studied sounds of musical instruments, melody, tonal fusion and consonance/dissonance of tones.- He compared musical and non-musical people.
His volume “Tone Psychology” appeared in 1883.This led to prestigious academic appointments.
In 1903-4, Stumpf challenged the likelihood of a machine that could change photographs of sound waves into sounds. In 1903-4, Stumpf challenged the likelihood of a machine that could change photographs of sound waves into sounds.In 1904 he chaired a commission to investigate the claims of Clever Hans, the horse who could count.- His student, Oskar Pfungst, tested Hans when his owner knew the answer and again when he did not.
- The horse was correct 98% of the time in the first condition but 8% correct in the second condition.
- He was correct 89% without blinkers, 6% with blinkers.
His later years were sad. His later years were sad.WWI emptied the university of young men who left to serve in the armed forces.War also disrupted his relationships with colleagues throughout Europe, including British, American and Russians, and caused his work to be overlooked. He was asked to organize psychologists to support the war effort but his heart wasn’t in the task.He retired in 1921, succeeded by Kohler.
Kulpe studied history but became interested in psychology after hearing Wundt speak at Leipzig. Kulpe studied history but became interested in psychology after hearing Wundt speak at Leipzig.- At Wundt’s recommendation he went to Gottingen to study with Muller (Lotze’s successor as chair).
- Muller followed Fechner’s psychophysics and studied memory (interference) with Ebbinghaus – developing techniques for avoiding experimenter bias & demand.
After graduating, he performed experiments challenging assumptions of Wundt & Titchener, although he had warm affection for Wundt.
Kulpe was influenced by Mach’s positivist philosophical views – all science is based on experience and naturalistic sensory observation. Kulpe was influenced by Mach’s positivist philosophical views – all science is based on experience and naturalistic sensory observation.- Mentalistic conceptions and attributions of mental entities are to be avoided.
- Psych needs objective descriptions of mental events.
- Kulpe tried to demonstrate that higher mental functions could be studied experimentally.
Kulpe’s research provided a foundation for contemporary cognitive psychology.
Founded by Kulpe & his students. Founded by Kulpe & his students.Subjects were asked about free associations using a method of questioning called “Ausfrage.”Marbe studied “conscious attitudes” of subjects judging weights – doubt, hesitation, searching.Kulpe & Bryan (Clark University) showed that subjects could abstract features of nonsense syllables as an active mental act “apprehension.”- Count the “F”s in a sentence.
Wurzburg psychologists asked how very fast, volitional reaction times could occur without being part of the subject’s mental experience. Wurzburg psychologists asked how very fast, volitional reaction times could occur without being part of the subject’s mental experience. Watts used a more precise Hipp chronoscope & broke reaction times into four parts: - (1) preparatory period, (2) stimulus presentation, (3) striving for the response, (4) the response itself.
Based on introspection, the thinking takes place during the preparatory period (instructions), establishing a subject “set.”
Using systematic experimental introspection, Ach found consistent differences between subjects – called decision types. Using systematic experimental introspection, Ach found consistent differences between subjects – called decision types. - Binet claimed priority based on descriptions of his kids.
Later (1907), Buhler asked questions requiring thoughtful replies, not just “yes/no” answers.- Subjects described imageless thought, where answers just came to them.
- Wundt claimed he was not using introspection correctly.
- Kulpe & Moore claimed meaning is distinct from image.
Why are only Ebbinghaus, Weber & Fechner well known? Why are only Ebbinghaus, Weber & Fechner well known?- WWI disrupted others’ work and international contacts.
- WWII destroyed the German universities.
- Politics prevented communication between German and American psychologists.
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