Ebbinghaus said this because psychology’s questions go back to the ancients

Cognitive psychology might have developed much sooner without this interruption.

Only Gestalt psychology took root because some fled Nazi Germany and took refuge in America.

The classification of the qualities of objects by degree - heat and cold, moisture and dryness etc. - was commonplace in the middle ages.

• The classification of the qualities of objects by degree - heat and cold, moisture and dryness etc. - was commonplace in the middle ages.

• Henry Lyte's translation of Dodoens' Niewe herball or historie of plantes, 1578 includes a description of rue:
• "Rue is hoate and dry in the thirde degree."

• Shakespeare went on to apply the degree classification to drink, in Twelfth Night, 1602:

• "For he s in the third degree of drinke: hee's drown'd: go looke after him.”

“The third degree” is well-known to all US crime-fiction enthusiasts as “an intensive, possibly brutal interrogation” appearing as early as Forbes (1900)

• “The third degree” is well-known to all US crime-fiction enthusiasts as “an intensive, possibly brutal interrogation” appearing as early as Forbes (1900)

• In Masonic lodges there are three degrees of membership: Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason. When a candidate receives the third degree in a Masonic lodge, he is subjected to some activities that involve an interrogation and it is more physically challenging than the first two degrees.

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Xjs6iTjdJc&feature=player_embedded

This was the major alternative and challenge to structuralism during the early 20th century.

• This was the major alternative and challenge to structuralism during the early 20th century.

• Founded by the successors to the people in Chapter 6.

• Gestalt means “shape” or “form.”

• Major proponents:

• Max Wertheimer – developed Gestalt principles
• Kurt Koffka – developed laws of perception
• Wolfgang Kohler – worked with apes on insight
• Kurt Lewin – developed “Field theory”

Gestalt Psychology grew out of the perceptual theories of physicist Ernst Mach and the experimental work of Christian von Ehrenfels.

• Gestalt Psychology grew out of the perceptual theories of physicist Ernst Mach and the experimental work of Christian von Ehrenfels.

• Mach described properties of spatial and auditory forms (squares, circles, simple melodies).

• As perceptual wholes these forms have qualities that distinguish them from their elements (parts).
• Its form quality gives an object perceptual or psychological permanence despite changes in sensation
• A song sung by different voices remains the same song.

Wertheimer studied under Stumpf in Berlin, then Kulpe in Prague (psychology of legal testimony).

• Wertheimer studied under Stumpf in Berlin, then Kulpe in Prague (psychology of legal testimony).

• Fascinated by the apparent motion of objects outside a train window, he bought a stroboscope to study “where does movement come from?”

• Schumann loaned him a tachistoscope and introduced him to Koffka and Kohler (students of Stumpf).

• Apparent motion of a white stripe from horizontal to vertical was demonstrated.

http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_reverse-phi/index.html

• http://www.michaelbach.de/ot/mot_reverse-phi/index.html

• http://www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/George_Mather/TwoStrokeFlash.htm

Holistic thinking – the whole is always more than the sum of its parts, called supersummativity.

• Holistic thinking – the whole is always more than the sum of its parts, called supersummativity.

• Phenomenological basis – analyzing the essence of phenomena is the subject matter of psychology.

• Methodology – lifelike experiments using small numbers of subjects.

• Isomorphism – psychological processes are directly related to biological (brain) processes.

Benussi showed that when two points on the skin are stimulated the stimulus appears to move in an arc through space, like a flea hopping.

• Benussi showed that when two points on the skin are stimulated the stimulus appears to move in an arc through space, like a flea hopping.

• Von Bekesy produced a tactile phi perception of a vibration jumping from knee to knee or between.

• Geldard & Sherrick produced a progression of jumps up the arm from wrist to elbow (like a rabbit).

• In all of these, the perceptual experience had a property (movement) not present in the components.

The figure emerges as a whole, not piecemeal, demonstrating that perceptions are active, lively and organized, not passive receivers of stimuli.

• The figure emerges as a whole, not piecemeal, demonstrating that perceptions are active, lively and organized, not passive receivers of stimuli.