OMISSION OF /d/
SPELLING
|
PRONUNCIATION
|
Arranged them
|
/əˈreɪndʒd ðəm/
|
Bald man
|
/bɔːld mæn/
|
Changed the room
|
/tʃeɪndʒd ðə rʊm/
|
Climbed the tree
|
/klaɪmd ðə triː/
|
Described the man
|
/dɪˈskraɪbd ðə mæn/
|
Disturbed me
|
/dɪˈstɜːʳbd mi/
|
Earned some money
|
/ɜːʳnd səm ˈmʌni/
|
Frendly
|
/ˈfrendli/
|
Friends
|
/frendz/
|
Frightened from
|
/ˈfraɪtnd frəm/
|
Killed the dog
|
/kɪld ðə kæt/
|
Learned the party
|
/lɜːʳnd ðə ˈpɑːrti/
|
Listened music
|
/ˈlɪsənd ðə ˈmjuːzɪk/
|
Loved me
|
/lʌvd mi/
|
Old dog
|
/əʊld dɒg/
|
Phoned me
|
/fəʊnd mi/
|
Robbed the bank
|
/rɒbd ðə bæŋk/
|
Sandwich
|
/ˈsændwɪtʃ/
|
Solved the problem
|
/sɒlvd ðə ˈprɒbləm/
|
Stand there
|
/stænd ðeəʳ/
|
Surprised me
|
/səˈpraɪzd mi/
|
Turned down
|
/tɜːʳnd daʊn/
|
Used to
|
/ˈjuːsd tuː/
|
You and me
|
/juːwənd mi/
|
INTRUSIVE SOUNDS
* In spoken English, INTRUSIVE SOUNDS = ADDING SOUNDS helps you to speak faster and more smoothly. It is important to understand INTRUSIVE SOUNDS = EXTRA SOUNDS in order to improve your listening and speaking skills.
ISTANBUL TURKISH: (n, s, ş, y) /ɑltı-ş-ɑr/ /Mɑsɑ-n-ın/ /su-y-un/
THE FIRST WORD ENDINGS
|
INTRUSIVES
|
THE SECOND WORD BEGINNINGS
|
/ʊ/ or /uː/
|
intrusive /w/
|
Vowel sounds
|
/ɪ/ or /iː/
|
intrusive /j/
|
Vowel sounds
|
/ə/ or /ɔː/
|
intrusive /r/
|
Vowel sounds
|
LINKING VOWEL to VOWEL
THE FIRST WORD ENDS in /ʊ/ or /uː/ and THE NEXT WORD BEGINS with a VOWEL sound.
|
intrusive /w/
|
Go up /gəʊ w ʌp/
You are /juː w ɑːr/
You and me /juː w ənd mi/
|
THE FIRST WORD ENDS in /ɪ/ or /iː/ and THE FOLLOWING WORD BEGINS with a VOWEL sound.
|
intrusive /j/
|
By a doctor /baɪ j ə ˈdɒktər/
He is /hiː j ɪz/
My aunt /maɪ j ɑːnt/
Plenty of /ˈplenti j əv/
They are /ðeɪ j ɑːr/
|
THE FIRST WORD ENDS in /ə/ or /ɔː/ and THE FOLLOWING WORD BEGINS with a VOWEL sound.
|
intrusive /r/
|
Angela and Linda /ˈændʒələ r ənd ˈlɪndə/
America and England /əˈmerɪkə r ənd ˈɪŋglənd/
I saw him. /aɪ sɔː r ɪm/
|
BLENDING CONSONANT to CONSONANT
*When the first word ends in a consonant and the second word begins with a SAME CONSONANT, we BLEND = MIX sounds together like ONE LONG CONSONANT.
/t/
|
NEXt tO
|
/neksTə/
|
/d/
|
GOOd dAY
|
/gʊDeɪ/
|
/k/
|
LOOk cALM
|
/lʊKɑːm/
|
/g/
|
BIg gARDEN
|
/bɪGɑːrdən/
|
/m/
|
SAmE mISTAKE
|
/seɪMɪsteɪk/
|
/n/
|
PHOnE nUMBER
|
/fəʊNʌmbəʳ/
|
/l/
|
SMAll leG
|
/smɔːLeg/
|
ENGLISH INTONATION
SENTENCE TYPE
|
EXAMPLES
|
TONE
|
DECLARATIVE SENTENCES
|
He went to school.
He is playing football.
|
A FALLING TONE
|
WH-QUESTIONS
|
What are you doing? Why did she go?
|
A FALLING TONE
|
IMPERATIVES
|
Study English now.
Don’t do it.
|
A FALLING TONE
|
EXCLAMATIONS
|
What a nice student!
What bad weather!
|
A FALLING TONE
|
QUESTION TAGS
(expecting confirmation)
|
He is living here, isn’t he?
She was here, wasn’t she?
|
A FALLING TONE
|
YES-NO QUESTIONS
|
Is she sleeping now? Have you got any money?
|
A RISING TONE
|
QUESTION TAGS
(less certain expectation)
|
They study English, don’t they?
It is rainy, isn’t it?
|
A RISING TONE
|
ALTERNATIVE INTERROGATIVES
|
Do you work or study?
Are you at home or at school?
|
A RISING and
FALLING TONE
|
It is not what you say, but THE WAY YOU SAY IT.
‘SAME sentences, DIFFERENT meanings’
|
‘A SENTENCE’ with such AN INTONATION that has DIFFERENT MEANINGS
-‘Turn off the lights’ means Hurry up.
-‘Turn off the lights’ means We can go out.
-‘Turn off the lights’ means We are going to sleep.
-‘Turn off the lights’ means Don’t speak to me.
-‘Turn off the lights’ means Don’t watch TV.
-‘Turn off the lights’ means We are late.
RISING / FALLING INTONATION
|
STATEMENTS / COMMANDS / WH-QUESTIONS... have rising / falling intonation.
|
MEDIUM TONE
|
HIGH TONE
|
LOW TONE
|
She is a
|
DEN
|
tist
|
I was
|
WALK
|
ing
|
Don’t
|
COME
|
here
|
She is
|
GO
|
ing
|
It is
|
SNOW
|
y
|
It isn’t
|
RAIN
|
y
|
They
|
WANT
|
ed
|
What do you
|
THINK
|
of
|
You
|
START
|
ed
|
When did she
|
TAKE
|
it
|
RISING INTONATION
|
YES / NO QUESTIONS... have rising intonation.
|
MEDIUM TONE
|
HIGH TONE
|
Are you
|
HAPPY
|
Can she
|
SWIM
|
Was she
|
HOME
|
Were they
|
TIRED
|
Don’t you
|
GO
|
Are there
|
TEACHERS
|
Could he
|
TALK
|
Were they
|
SHORT
|
RHYTHM GROUPS
In long sentences, There are very short pauses between rhythm groups.
*He began to walk / in the room.
*He earned enough money / to buy a house.
*I can’t tell you / what it is like.
*I will go downstairs / and make a cup of tea.
*Mehmet and Ali / is working in the office.
*She sat by the window / and listened to the music.
*The computer in the office / is not cheap.
*They were sitting together / with their drinks.
*You can go / if you want.
NOTE:
There is a SECONDARY STRESS to maintain harmony between syllables in a four or five syllable words. (in longer words)
|
There are RHYTHM GROUPS to maintain harmony between groups of words. (in longer sentences)
|
RHYME
*Knowing HOW TO RHYME helps the students LEARN WORD ‘FAMILIES’ such as ‘day, may, say...’
*RHYMING WORDS have the SAME SOUND ENDINGS. If two words rhyme, they end with the same sound, including a vowel.
*‘cut’ rhymes with ‘but’.
*He, she, we, be, free, key, knee, me, tea...rhyme. The same vowel is /iː/
RHYMING WORDS
RHYMING VOWELS
|
RHYMING WORDS
|
RHYMING SOUNDS
|
/ɔː/
|
Bought
|
/bɔːt/
|
Taught
|
/tɔːt/
|
/əʊ/
|
Sold
|
/səʊld/
|
Old
|
/əʊld/
|
/e/
|
Meant
|
/ment/
|
Sent
|
/sent/
|
/e/
|
Read
|
/red/
|
Red
|
/red/
|
/eɪ/
|
Plate
|
/pleɪt/
|
Eight
|
/eɪt/
|
/eɪ/
|
May
|
/meɪ/
|
Day
|
/deɪ/
|
/ɪə/
|
Year
|
/jɪər/
|
Dear
|
/dɪər/
|
/uː/
|
Flew
|
/fluː/
|
Grew
|
/gruː/
|
/uː/
|
True
|
/truː/
|
You
|
/juː/
|
/eə/
|
Care
|
/keər/
|
There
|
/ðeər/
|
HOMO-GRAPHS
*There is a small group of two-syllable nouns & verbs are spelled the same. The difference is the stress. They are different in origin, grammar, meaning, pronunciation.
*The noun ‘present’ is a homograph of the verb ‘present’.
ISTANBUL TURKISH :
SHORT VOWELS
|
LONG VOWELS
|
Adet (number)
|
Âdet (custom)
|
Hakim (dominating=ruling)
|
Hâkim (judge)
|
Hal (market=bazaar place)
|
Hâl (position=condition)
|
Hala (aunt)
|
Hâlâ (still, yet)
|
Şura (that or this place)
|
Şûra (council)
|
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