Energia s. P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS High-priority areas of the Corporation activities
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- Bu səhifədəki naviqasiya:
- International Space Station
- Results of the implementation of science programs on the Russian Segment of the ISS in 2014
- Development of the Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM) Nauka
- Development of the Node Module (NM) Prichal
- Development of the Science and Power Module (SPM)
- Implementation of the project to develop space system OKA-T-ISS
- Transformable module development
- Rocket and space complex with the unmanned logistics vehicles Progress M
- New modifications of transportation vehicles
RESULTS OF OPERATIONSHigh-priority areas of the Corporation activitiesManned space systemsIn 2014 work was carried out to formulate the strategy for the development of manned space flight for the period of 2015 through 2050. The new strategy provides a better reflection of the interests of Russian Federation in the field of space exploration. All space programs are grouped into three blocks. The first block contains the program of low-Earth orbit missions. The second block is the program of lunar exploration, which envisages a progression from short-term missions to the construction of an outpost on the lunar surface. The third block deals with exploration of Mars and preparations for a manned mission to Mars. Strategic aims of the manned spaceflight 
Low Earth Orbit
Lunar program
The strategy calls for a high degree of space programs continuity. This will allow to reduce hardware development costs and speed up the implementation of the measures. The main tasks for the nearest future are the development of the new Manned Transportation Spacecraft (MTSC), adding new modules to the ISS RS and expanding the design work on a super-heavy launch vehicle. Upon completion of the International Space Station program in 2024 – 2025 (depending on the agreements reached with the partner countries), a Russian Orbital Base will be put into operation. The Russian Orbital Base will be qualitatively different from the ISS in that its utilization will be geared to the support of applied research in the interests of our country’s science and engineering, as well as servicing unmanned technology research spacecraft (of the OKA-T type). According to the Russian Orbital Base assembly scenario, modules MLM, NM and SPM are first integrated into the Russian Segment of the ISS, and then the module stack is detached from the ISS. Included into the Russian Orbital Base will be a transformable module and an airlock module. The transformation of the ISS RS into the Russian Orbital Base will allow to preserve the groundwork laid by the already existing ISS RS hardware, to assure continuity in the manned and science programs, to optimize budget costs. R  ussian Orbital Base
A most important component of the strategy is the lunar exploration program. The implementation of the lunar program shall make use of the hardware originally developed for the ISS RS. P 
Profiles of expeditions using low and high thrust hases of lunar exploration Robotic exploration of the Moon
Infrastructure development
Hardware development and landing preparations
Expeditions to the Moon
The proposed approach to lunar exploration has a number of advantages. The mission plan is to be implemented with the use of a single launch vehicle with the 85 – 90 tons payload capability, but before the super-heavy launch vehicle is ready, developmental testing of the lunar program elements and the initial phase of the program could be carried out using a two-launch profile with an up to 50 tons payload capability launch vehicles. A continuous transition from low-Earth orbit to interplanetary missions is assured. A comprehensive program of research will be implemented using both unmanned and manned spacecraft in the most promising areas. There are plans to take further steps towards study and exploration of Mars. The proposed landing sites will be surveyed using unmanned spacecraft. The Russian Orbital Base and the implementation of the lunar program will become stepping stones towards more advanced missions. Space tugs with electric propulsion will provide the basis for the design of interplanetary vehicles for crew and cargo delivery to Mars. The assembly of the interplanetary vehicle, development of its systems and elements (for example, propulsion system, orbit transfer vehicle, as one of the station modules, etc.), resupply and turnaround servicing and repairs are to be performed within the Russian Orbital Base. To deliver the crew to the interplanetary vehicle after it has picked up speed in the vicinity of Earth and to return the crew back to Earth upon completion of the mission (to reduce the crew flight time) a spacecraft will be developed based on a modified MTSC. This spacecraft, together with the developed upper stage, will support crew delivery to the interplanetary vehicle in orbit with an altitude of 200 000 – 400 000 kilometers. It is possible to use international cooperation to implement the interplanetary mission.
Launches of manned spacecraft Soyuz and unmanned cargo spacecraft Progress were carried out within the framework of space transportation support of the ISS Russian Segment, with concurrent step-by-step trials of engineering solutions adopted to upgrade these spacecraft. Programs of scientific and applied research and experiments were carried out, services were provided to international partners to transport crews to the ISS and return them back to Earth, and cargoes and consumables were delivered. The ISS is supposed to stay in operation till 2024, with Soyuz remaining the main transportation vehicle till 2017-18, when the manned US spacecraft that are currently under development will be put into operation. The work will continue on the development of new-generation manned transportation spacecraft and systems. Starting dates of flight tests on these systems will be determined based on the readiness of the launch vehicle, ground infrastructure (the launch site Vostochny which is currently under construction, etc.), which are necessary to support launches of the spacecraft into orbit. There are plans to take part in manned programs of deep space research and exploration, including international programs, engineering efforts have been started to design elements of advanced manned systems. RSC Energia, being the prime organization for the ISS Russian Segment, carried out the following tasks in 2014:
In 2014, four descent vehicles of spacecraft Soyuz TMA-10M, Soyuz TMA-11M, Soyuz TMA-12M, Soyuz TMA-13M successfully returned to Earth upon completion of their mission plans. All the descent vehicles performed the re-entry normally and landed in their targeted landing areas.
Landings of Soyuz TMA spacecraft in 2014
Summary of launches of unmanned logistics spacecraft Progress M in 2014
Delivered onboard ISS in order to maintain crew life support, to support the functioning of onboard systems and conduct scientific experiments were about 11 tons of various cargoes and equipment. Which include:
All the dockings of both manned and unmanned cargo transportation spacecraft were performed using the “quick” profile for the spacecraft rendezvous and docking. This profile makes it possible to reduce the load on the crew, as well as the costs of the ground assets involved in tracking the spacecraft until it docks. The docking is performed during the fourth orbit – the duration of the flight up to docking is about 5 hours 30 minutes. As of the end of 2014, the ISS configuration was as follows:
International Space Station (configuration as of December 2014) US commercial cargo spacecraft Dragon and Cygnus carried out two missions each, and there was also a mission of a European cargo spacecraft ATV5. On October 29, 2014, during lift-off of an Antares LV carrying a US cargo spacecraft Sygnus Orb-3 there was a launch vehicle accident. All the activities scheduled for 2014 in the mission plans of Expeditions ISS-38 – ISS-42 in support of docking, transportation spacecraft servicing, outfitting and keeping the station operational, as well as the work under Russian and international programs of scientific research and experiments have been completed. In 2014 the following joint documentation with NASA on the ISS was updated:
At present, the ISS mission plan for 2014 and early 2016 has been developed and approved, which calls for the launches in 2015 of four manned transportation spacecraft Soyuz TMA-M, three cargo spacecraft Progress M, and one cargo spacecraft Progress MS, a Japanese (HTV5) cargo spacecraft, as well as five missions of the US cargo spacecraft Dragon and two missions of US cargo spacecraft Cygnus. This will ensure a high level of ISS operational reliability and comfortable living conditions for the station crew of six. Results of the implementation of science programs on the Russian Segment of the ISS in 2014Utilization of the ISS Russian Segment (RS) continued under the Programs of scientific and applied research during Expeditions ISS-38 (end), ISS-39, ISS-40, ISS-41, ISS-42 (start). The experiments were conducted onboard four modules of the ISS RS: SM, DC1, MRM1 and MRM2. Some space experiments also used cargo transportation spacecraft Progress-M. To support the implementation of experiments onboard the station, cosmonauts have performed a range of complex operations, which was preceded by a painstaking joint work of scientists, supervisors of the science equipment and specialists of corporate subdivisions dedicated to specific subjects. A complex system of scientific equipment intended for obtaining video images of the underlying Earth surface started its operation in test mode. The system was installed on the outer surface of the Service Module (SM) on January 27, 2014, by the crew of ISS-38, and included:
The two-axis pointing platform points the HRC camera towards its target and supports video imaging at the rate of three frames per second of a 5.36×3.56 km underlying surface area. The MRC is installed in a fixed position of the ISS RS Service Module, its optical axis is perpendicular to the Earth surface and provides images in the form of strips 37.7 and 47.4 km wide in four spectral regions.  
Run at this phase in the mission were checks on the two-axis pointing platform, as well as various tests to verify that it is operational and determine the best settings for the high- and medium-resolution cameras. The obtained test video data from high- and mid-resolution cameras was downlinked to Earth via a radio data transmission system.
 erformance has started of the Otklik (“Response”) experiment proposed by RSC Energia aiming at experimental development of hardware to detect impacts of micrometeoroids and man-made space debris particles on the outer surface of the ISS modules in order to develop a system for determining in real time the coordinates of the point of penetration of the pressurized shell of the station. Provided in the course of running the experiment is the detection of impacts of micrometeoroid and man-made particles on the outer elements of Service Module structure, as well as possible penetrations of shielding elements (covers, radiators, meteoroid shields) located on the outer surface of the module. . The experiment used 13 acoustic emissions sensors installed by the crew into mounting sockets, that had been attached under ground conditions on the inner surface of the Service Module pressurized shell. In an emergency involving a penetration of the pressurized shell, the results of the measurements will allow to locate the penetration point.
Data on how frequently micrometeoroid and man-made particles are detected, as well as their parameters (impact intensity, time and location of the impact on the module service), obtained over sufficiently long time intervals (up to five years), will be used to update micrometeoroid environment models when calculating the risk of damage to individual elements of the ISS, as well as for making decisions on the inspection of the outer surface of the station in the locations of the hardest hit areas. Installed by the crew during a spacewalk on 08.19.2014 (expedition ISS-40) on the outer surface of MRM2 was a retrievable container developed at RSC Energia, which held samples of materials under study (experiment Epsilon-NEP). The duration of the samples exposure is no less than one year. The objective of the experiment Epsilon-NEP is to study the effects of space environment on the materials and coatings of the outer surfaces of orbital complexes under long exposure, as well as to develop methods of protecting these materials in order to preserve their physical and chemical properties. In addition to the materials traditionally used in space hardware, tested for the first time under flight conditions are coatings of a new type belonging to the class of ‘solar reflectors” based on lithium liquid glasses as a binding agent, which could be used in the development of new-generation spacecraft. To be proven in the course of the experiment is the stability of physical and chemical properties of the coatings with a protective layer, as well as new thermal control coatings during their long-term operation in low Earth orbits. Analysis of data obtained in the course of the experiment will make it possible to address the following tasks:
On the whole, 2014 saw the continuation of the positive trend of building-up engineering and resource capabilities of payload facilities onboard the ISS RS and performance indicators for the Long-term Program of Applied Scientific Research. Major results of implementation of science programs on the Russian Segment of the ISS in 2014
Areas of applied scientific research on the ISS RS
By early 2015, the Long-term Program of Applied Science Research planned onboard the ISS RS includes 254 experiments. The 183 experiments in the Long-term Program of Applied Science Research, that are currently being either implemented or prepared on the ground, break down into six fields of research as follows:
On the whole, the results of implementation of science research onboard the ISS RS in 2014 bear witness to the intensification of the ISS utilization as a unique scientific and engineering laboratory for conducting basic and applied research to study Earth, its space environment and the Universe, as an orbital platform serving as a test range for flight testing of various equipment and experimental procedures under spaceflight conditions. The configuration of the suite of payloads and the infrastructure that had been built by the beginning of 2015 onboard the ISS RS modules, will make it possible to continue scientific and applied research for extensive introduction on Earth of the most advanced achievements of science and technology, diffusion of the acquired experience and proven engineering solutions into the practice of developing new-generation research spacecraft. Integration of scientific equipment in the ISS RS modules Insofar as the integration of the science program in the ISS RS modules is concerned, work has been conducted to integrate a number of scientific experiments onboard the ISS RS: Vizir-UP, UV-Atmosphere, Ikarus, RTKS, Ecoplasma, Konvergentshiya, IFR-1, Radiolokator, Produtsent. 
 
SMМ Receiving antennas of the Ikarus science equipment Transmitting antennas of the Ikarus science equipment Locations of the Ikarus space experiment hardware on the Service Module 
MLM Radiolokator scientific equipment 
Field of view of the Radiolokator equipment Location of the Radiolokator space experiment hardware on MLM Development of the Multipurpose Laboratory Module (MLM) NaukaNauka is the main functional element of the ISS RS. MLM is being designed as a multipurpose research lab, which enables the implementation of a replaceable payloads technology for Russian scientific and applied research programs and projects of customers from abroad. The primary tasks of MLM Nauka are: 1) To enhance the implementation capabilities for the program of scientific research onboard the ISS RS in the interests of basic and applied science by:
2) To develop robotic technologies:
MLM Nauka will for the fist time use the technology of replaceable payloads and implement the capability to operate with an airlock. Nauka module general view and key data
MLM flight unit: 77КМЛ unit. Since the end of 2013 the flight unit 77КМЛ has been staying at the Khrunichev Space Center in order to correct deficiencies in the propulsion system build quality that were detected in the course of in-plant check-out tests at RSC Energia.
NM is the first element of the second phase in the ISS RS development and will become a basis for a new Russian space station. Its main purpose is to interconnect all the modules of the new station and provide the capability for their replacement after expiry of their service life. Therefore, this module must incorporate a number of defining technologies which will be used in the new station, such as a docking system and ranging equipment to support dockings with active vehicles, interfaces. The module is required to integrate into the ISS RS the Science and Power Module, to provide additional docking ports and to further develop the ISS RS. NM flight unit: unit 1Л In the course of 2014 RSC Energia performed the assembly and in-plant checkout tests of the NM flight unit. In accordance with the approved schedule the following work has been accomplished:
Thus, the NM flight unit has been assembled, has successfully passed a full cycle of in-plant check tests, including integrated tests with the module-vehicle, and since November 17, 2014, it has been kept in storage until the customer makes a separate decision to proceed with its launch.  
ISS RS crew training using the flight model of the NM Physical simulation of lighting in the habitable zone of the NM pressurized compartment  NM flight model NM static mockup: mockup 1И In early 2014, developmental tests have been run for the process of re-mating the mockup 1И within the experimental facility ЭУ 1319. The mockup to train the crews for extravehicular activity (EVA) operations. In 2014 the NM mockup for extravehicular activity (EVA) operations training in neutral buoyancy has been built and delivered to the Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center. NM integrated testing facility. In 2014, integrated tests in the NM integrated testing facility were completed. Development of the Science and Power Module (SPM)In order to make the ISS RS self-sustainable in terms of power supply, there are plans to add to it the SPM. The major objectives of the Science and Power Module are:
In the long run, the module will be used as the backbone of the Russian Orbital Base. Modules based on the SPM will be used in the lunar and Martian programs. Overall view and basic parameters of the Science and Power Module
In 2014, an expert review of the SPM conceptual design was completed by the prime research organizations of Roscosmos, positive opinions were received. To resolve the items of concern voiced in the course of the review a consolidated schedule has been published. The SPM conceptual design updated per this schedule got a positive opinion from the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation and was reviewed at a session of Roscosmos scientific and technical council. The full documentation package was submitted in early September 2014 in order to complete the process of the conceptual design acceptance. At present the Customer has not yet made a decision on the acceptance of the SPM conceptual design. Ergonomic mockup of the SPM. In November 2014, the Don affiliate of the Center for Simulator Engineering and Personnel Training (Novocherkassk) built an ergonomic mockup of the SPM interior and handed it over to RSC Energia. In December 2014 the mockup commission which included cosmonauts held a review which came up with a favorable experts’ opinion of the overall layout design and ergonomical characteristics of the full-scale mockup of the SPM.   
Ergonomic mockup of the SPM. Interior and exterior views Implementation of the project to develop space system OKA-T-ISSIn order to fully utilize unique conditions of space (deep vacuum, low level of microaccelerations, low temperatures) during space experiments and manufacturing processes, it would be reasonable to use a constellation of man-tended free-flying spacecraft (OKA-T). Such spacecraft should be capable of periodically docking with the space station, refueling, allowing the crew to service its experiments, systems and equipment. Characteristics of the spacecraft OKA-T-ISS
In April 2014, the developed and approved conceptual design of the space system OKA-T-ISS was reviewed at a session of the scientific and technical council of the Corporation. Based on the results of the session it was noted that development of a space system with a free-flying spacecraft OKA-T will permit to significantly expand the program of science research in space, to conduct a number of unique experiments on growing highly-homogeneous crystal structures, epitaxial heterostructures, protein crystals. Demonstrated in the course of the session was the feasibility of developing the space system OKA-T-ISS that meets performance requirements of the Customer. The scientific and technical council approved the conceptual design, and conceptual design materials were submitted for expert review to prime research organizations in the space industry in May 2014. Based on the results of the expert review, the Customer’s opinion on the materials of the conceptual design was obtained, after which the conceptual design materials were sent to Roscosmos.
Development of the transformable module will permit to significantly increase (by 100 m3) the ISS RS internal pressurized volume available for accommodation of equipment, cargoes and for crew activities. However, during launch the transformable module placed in stowed configuration fits within a standard payload fairing. In the long term, the experimental transformable module can become the basis for habitable and storage modules for an orbital base and an interplanetary orbital vehicle having a pressurized volume of more than 250 m3 and an improved an improved ergonomics of the habitable compartments. The new modules will be similar in design to the experimental transformable module, which will reduce the costs of their development and manufacturing. Experimental development effort conducted in 2014:
  Entry hole in a sample for micrometeoroid penetration tests (thermal insulation mat). The pressure shell is not damaged Major results of activities on the transformable module in 2014:
Rocket and space complex with the unmanned logistics vehicles Progress MRocket and space complex with the unmanned logistics vehicles Progress M has been developed which has the following advantages:
New modifications of transportation vehicles
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