Financial Accounting for Decision Makers



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intangible assets
.
Claims
A claim is an obligation of the business to provide cash, or some other form of benefit, to an 
outside party. It will normally arise as a result of the outside party providing assets for use by 
the business. There are essentially two types of claim against a business:
■ 
Equity
. This represents the claim of the owner(s) against the business. This claim is some-
times referred to as the 
owner’s capital.
Some find it hard to understand how the owner 
can have a claim against the business, particularly when we consider the example of a 
sole-proprietor-type business, like Paul’s, where the owner 
is,
in effect, the business. For 
accounting purposes, however, a clear distinction is made between the business and the 
owner(s). The business is viewed as being quite separate from the owner. It is seen as a 
separate entity with its own separate existence. This means that, when financial 
M02 Atrill's Financial Accounting For Decis 51257.indd 41
18/03/2019 14:13


42
CHAPTER 2
MEASURING AND REPORTING FINANCIAL POSITION
statements are prepared, they relate to the business rather than to the owner(s). Viewed 
from this perspective, any funds contributed by the owner will be seen as coming from 
outside the business and will appear as a claim against the business in its statement of 
financial position.
■ 
Liabilities
. Liabilities represent the claims of other parties, apart from the owner (s). They 
involve an obligation to transfer economic resources (usually cash) as a result of past 
transactions or events. A liability incurred by a business cannot be avoided and so will 
remain a liability until it is settled.
Most liabilities arise for legal or contractual reasons, such as from acquiring goods or 
services or from borrowing funds. They can, however, arise from the policies and practices 
adopted by the business, such as ‘no quibble’ refunds.
Now that the meanings of the terms 
assets

equity
and 
liabilities
have been established, we 
can consider the relationship between them. This relationship is quite straightforward. If a 
business wishes to acquire assets, it must raise the necessary funds from somewhere. It may 
raise these funds from the owner(s), or from other outside parties, or from both. Example 2.2 
illustrates this relationship.
Example 2.2
Jerry and Company is a new business that was created by depositing £20,000 in a bank 
account on 1 March. This amount was raised partly from the owner (£6,000) and partly 
from borrowing (£14,000). Raising funds in this way will give rise to a claim on the busi-
ness by both the owner (equity) and the lender (liability). If a statement of financial position 
of Jerry and Company is prepared following these transactions, it will appear as follows:
We can see from the statement of financial position that the total claims (equity and liabili-
ties) are the same as the total assets. Thus:

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