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Historia förklara de nordiska gamla Kämpars
Berserka-gång”. In
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Henning Wijkmark. Stockholm: Svenska Kyrkans
Diakonstyrelses Bokförlag. Vol. I, pp. 177–183.
Runes, Runic Writing and Runic Inscriptions as Primary Sources for Town
Development in Medieval Bergen, Norway
Elisabeth
Maria Magin, University of
Nottingham
Dissertation project undertaken for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Runology at the University of Nottingham,
completion expected between summer 2018 and 2019.
Supervisors: Judith Jesch (University of Nottingham), Chris King (University of Nottingham) and Gitte Hansen
(University of Bergen).
The unknown traveller who brought a small
wooden stick to the medieval Norwegian town
of Bergen sometime towards the end of the 12
th
century, may have mourned said stick’s loss
upon discovering it was gone. Or he may have
rejoiced – after all, it was inscribed with a
message that might have gotten him into
trouble were his wife to have found it amongst
his belongings: ‘Ingibjorg loved me when I
was in Stavanger’ (cited after Samnordisk
Runtextdatabas, 2014 release). Whether he
himself was the person who carved the runes
in a moment of reminiscing, or Ingibjorg
smuggled the inscribed stick into his pack
when he was not looking, we do not know. Yet
we can be fairly certain that a wife, if she
existed, would not have been happy to discover
this memento.
Dire and potentially painful as the
consequences of that little message may have
been for the man who brought it with him, had
someone found the inscription hidden under
the wax on a little writing tablet, it might have
ended the owner’s life. Consider the following
inscription:
I would ask you this, that you leave your
party. Cut a letter in runes to Ólafr
Hettusveinn’s sister. She is in the convent in
Bergen. Ask her and your kin for advice when
you want to come to terms. You, surely, are
less stubborn than the Earl. (Inscription N
B368,
Bryggen,
Bergen,
cited
after
Samnordisk Runtextdatabas, 2014 release.)
During the Civil War era,
1
a message like that
could easily prove fatal if seen by the wrong
pair of eyes. Since this inscription, as well as
the first, was found in Bergen, there is reason
to assume that the recipient followed the
instructions and arrived in Bergen, where he
lost or discarded the wooden tablet. His safe
arrival there was surely cause for relief and
happiness. However, the next recipient, one
Eindriði, was probably not too cheerful when
he read the following:
Eindriði! This you owe in payment: two
measures and three casks, or else(?) sixteen
measures. And you should, Eindriði, take the
corn which Bergþórr has to discharge. (You
should take) no less than
sixteen measures or
otherwise take nothing. And I order my father
that he pay me three casks … (Inscription N
650, Gullskoen, Bryggen, Bergen, cited after
Samnordisk Runtextdatabas, 2014 release.)
These are three very different messages
pertaining to three very different aspects of
medieval life. They have one thing in common
though: all of them were found in the remains
of the medieval urban landscape of Bergen.
Following a fire in the old town quarter,
Bryggen, on July 4
th
, 1955, archaeological
excavations
were conducted in the area, where
the town’s medieval merchant and wharf area
were once situated. Excavators hoped to find
physical proof of what written sources like
sagas had to say about medieval Bergen. Much
to their surprise, the excavations not only
yielded a somewhat to-be-expected array of
197
household items, building structures, items of
trade and pottery shards, they also yielded a
find type that had hitherto been almost
unknown: runic inscriptions on small wooden
sticks, carrying messages of various types.
By that time, runic inscriptions, while not
unknown from Norway, were still mostly
connected to Sweden, where the vast majority
of
them
was
carved
into
stones,
commemorating deceased family members or
friends. The inscriptions on these stones tend
to be formulaic, revealing mostly information
pertaining to the deceased and their family.
The runic inscriptions from Bergen thus not
only stirred great interest amongst scholars,
they also caused a shift in our perception of the
runic script. Earlier runologists had suggested
that runes were mainly used by the ruling
classes as a mode of communication.
However, the Bergen inscriptions, with their
everyday, even vulgar content, put that theory
to the test. The inscriptions are also (in regard
to the use of runes as a script) comparatively
late, dating from 1100 to 1400. Most of the
Bergen
material
boasts
neither
the
monumentality of the runestones nor the kind
of formulaic language found on them. Hardly
legible and definitely not intelligible runic
sequences that may be taken for bored
scribbling are found as well as Latin quotes
from classical literature, and rather explicit
statements about sexual conquests are found
alongside prayers to the Christian god and
saints. In fact, the inscriptions from Bergen are
rather reminiscent of modern day Facebook or
Twitter posts.
However, about 60 years after the first
discovery, a large part of the Bergen
inscriptions still awaits publication, and
general knowledge of the material in both
Norway and other countries is mostly limited
to specialists.
2
This is unfortunate for several
reasons, and in order to change the current state
of affairs, a PhD project supervised by Judith
Jesch, Chris King (both University of
Nottingham) and Gitte Hansen (University of
Bergen) has been initiated. Taking an
interdisciplinary approach, the project aims to
investigate the importance, function, and use
of runes and runic writing in medieval Bergen,
paying special attention to their development
over the course of time. With approximately
680 rune-inscribed objects known, and about
half
of them deciphered, a database containing
information about each single inscription was
a logical choice as the basis of investigation.
This information is then combined with
context information from the archaeological
database maintained by the University
Museum of Bergen. Various approaches,
exemplified in Figure 1, are applied to the
material to gain a broad picture of life in
medieval Bergen.
Figure 1: Possibilities of combining the different approaches to analyse the society behind the runic inscriptions (c)
Elisabeth Maria Magin, 2016.