A comparative evaluation of tree species in different geographical elevations in Provo, Utah

Food Preferences for Ants (Hymenoptera; formicidae) in the city of Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Brittney J. Grandy, 51 Horne Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]
Abstract

Ants (formicidae) are known to be food scavengers, indirect herbivores, and predators. To support their colonies, worker ants spread out and collect food. While ants in nature gather leaves, I have conducted experiments in order to find whether or not human nutrients—in this case dairy and grain products—are more preferable than ants' natural sustenance. I placed two tablespoons of these three sources of energy (each six inches apart from another) two feet away from groups of scavenging ants in the Provo Canyon, at the Provo Library, and at the Provo temple. I recorded the number of ants that choose each food every thirty seconds for four minutes. The results from this experiment have shown that ants prefer bread over both leaves and cheese, and cheese was also more popular than leaves. Reasons as to why the insects preferred bread and cheese may be explained by their curiosity to try the unfamiliar food choices. The bread crumbs may have been chosen the most because of its light weight and possibly more appealing taste and smell.

Keywords: formicidae, scavengers, indirect herbivores, predators, ant colonies
Correlation between proximity to water and the number and diversity of insects

Jordan L Gressel, 745 N 100 E Provo, UT 84606 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

            Water is an essential element to life and insects must get water from many different sources. I did research and observed to see if the number and diversity of insects is higher closer to the proximity of water. The independent variable was the proximity to water. I set three pitfall traps both at Nunns Park and Y Mountain in Provo, UT, to test the independent variable. There were three different time periods of five days each where the pitfall traps were set. I hypothesized there would be a greater number and variety of insects closer to water. The results indicate that there is greater diversity closer to the proximity of water, but the number of insects is higher farther from the proximity of water. One insect, Diptera Sciaridae, had a major effect on the results and other factors such as weather affected the outcome as well.

Keywords: water proximity, diversity, number, pitfall traps

Jenna Gwilliam, 1209 Stover Hall, Provo, UT 84604, [e-mail]

 

Study of Quercus Gambelii (Gambel Oak) and Schizachyrium Scopanum (Little Bluestem) and their adaptability to winter between 10/21/10 and 11/18/10 in Rock Canyon, Utah, USA

Abstract:  The purpose of this study was to identify and study a couple of different plants and try to determine how they do in the winter, and which characteristics help them survive.  The study was conducted in Rock Canyon, Provo, UT, on the Schizochyrium Scoparium and Quercus Gambelli.  Their soil pH, deciduousness, root depth, and seeds were compared and researched.  It turns out that the Schizochyrium Scoparium had a more ideal pH and was better off as not deciduous.  The Quercus Gambelli had more ideal seeds.  In the end, there are many characteristics that help a plant be most adapted to the winter, and plants all have different ones.

Keywords:  Quercus Gambelli, Schizachyrium Scopanum, pH, acidity, deciduous

Relation Between Precipitation and Tree-rings in Provo Canyon, Utah

Kamille D. Hacking 700 East 29 North Provo, Utah, 84602 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to show that precipitation has an effect on tree growth. This study was done by going up to Provo canyon and taking samples of the rings of trees using an increment borer. I then used dendrochronology to determine whether the tree had grown during the years that had an increased rainfall. The results of this experiment were very conclusive. In the years that there was more precipitation, there was a sizable growth in the ring of the trees and therefore a sizable growth in the trees.

Keywords: dendrochronology, precipitation, tree-ring, rainfall

The causation and amount of disparity between root to total biomass ratios among individuals of Broom Snakeweed (Gutierreziasarothrae) in Alpine, Utah.
Bryan Hair, 2112 N 40 W #348, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [e-mail]
Abstract

The purpose of this experience, was to explore the dynamics of the disparity of root proportions and their causes in Broom Snakeweed. Plants have a unique characteristic as opposed to many other living things, in that their growth is largely dependent on their surroundings, rather than inherently having definite proportions. Many factors effect root growth, and because of this, many plants of the same species often have different root to body ratios. To gain better understanding of the causes and circumstances that create this disparity, I gathered several groups of Broom Snakeweed from different environmental settings. They were subsequently washed and completely dried out. The biomass of each plant as well as their roots were measured and recorded. Through comparing the root/shoot ratio of the several groups, correlations were observed, and root growth can be directly drawn to several environment factors such as soil nutrients, compaction, water availability, light exposure, wind, and the presence of other biotic organisms.

Key Words: Gutierrezia sarothrae, Broom Snakeweed, root growth, biomass, Utah, plants

 

Relationship between specific plants with high levels of tannins and their relative ability to deter herbaceous predators

Christy Hanamaikai. Biology 100 Nature Experience, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA 84602 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

                A large number of plants, both gymnosperms and angiosperms, contain a chemical called tannins.  These tannins are thought to be developed by plants as a defense mechanism against herbaceous predators.  When ingested, tannins initially cause a strong astringent or bitter taste in the mouth.  Once they are in the digestive tract, they bind to and precipitate plant proteins and inhibit digestive enzymes and protein absorption (Cannas 2009.  They can also cause severe digestive discomfort and pain (Elvin-Lewis and Lewis 1977). The effectiveness of tannins in three plants (Quercus gambelii: Fagaceae), (Salix nigra: Salicaceae) and (Acer grandidentatum: Aceraceae) with documented high levels of tannins were observed and studied to determine the effect of tannin levels on the severity of herbaceous predation.  The severity of predation was judged based on the criteria of bark damage, stripped leaves, number of seeds present, deer feces present and a scale of bitterness.  The results of the experiment showed that there was a strong correlation between high levels of tannins and low severity of damage from herbaceous predators, thus supporting the claims that tannins are an effective defense mechanism for plants.

Keywords: tannins; plant defense; herbivory; Quercus; Salix; Acer; herbaceous predation

Comparison of the rate that fruits of the Scarlet Firethorn (Cotoneaster horizontalis) and Rockspray Cotoneaster (Pyracantha coccinea) fall from their stems

Bruce R. Hansen, 2220 May Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Two species of berried bushes are affected differently when the seasons change and when the overall ground temperature declines. I hypothesized that the Scarlet Firethorn (Pyrantha coccinea) keeps its berries on its stems longer than the Rockspray Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster horizontalis) as the ground temperature around each plant is lowered due to the changing fall to winter season. Research was required to explain why the results ended up the way they did. Experiments were conducted near Provo Canyon with these berried plants to determine if the arrangement of the berries on each plant, and the overall plant characteristics, affected the rate at which the berries fell off the plant according to ground temperature variation. These plants were identified and then observed over the course of a month to record their berry populations. The ground temperature near each plant was also recorded over the course of the same month. The Scarlet Firethorn was found to retain its berries longer than the Rockspray Cotoneaster as ground temperature declined. It can be concluded that the different arrangement of berries on these plants determines the rate at which they fall off the plant.

Key Words: Cotoneaster horizontalis, Pyracantha coccinea, Provo Canyon, declining temperature, temperature variation.

The effect of water current speed on epilithic and epipelic algae in the Provo River: Provo, Utah, USA

 

Catherine Rose Hansen, 1720 North 724 West #111, Provo, Utah 84604, E-mail: [e-mail]

 

Abstract

            Freshwater biomes are one of the most productive biomes on earth with a disproportionate amount of the earth’s diversity. Freshwater biomes provide a great deal of different environments; as a result they can support many different types of organisms. Water current speed is an important factor in freshwater environments that can affect the success of freshwater organisms. To determine the affect that water current speed has on organism success, particularly epilithic algae, I compare the types of organisms that inhabit different areas dependant on water current speeds. I collected this data from the Provo River: Provo, Utah USA. I measured water current in three different sites based on water current and then collected specimens that were then classified and compared.

 

Keywords: Freshwater, biomes, water velocity, diatoms and rivers

Elevation Influence in Rate of Leaves Changing During the Fall in cities of Park City, Salt Lake City, and Provo City, Utah, U.S.A.

 

Jennifer L. Hanson, 551 North 200 East Apt.201, Provo, UT 84604 Email:[e-mail]

 

Abstract

            The changing of leaves is affected by many possible variables such as biomes, weather, chemical levels, etc, but more research was required to determine if the rate of leaf changing was affected by the elevation. I conducted experiments in the areas of Park City, Salt Lake City, and Provo City.  I used each location to show the differences between leaves at various elevations, some high in the mountains and some in the city. I chose three different elevations in each area and collected leaves in each area, recording the colors of leaves in each region.  I measured the elevation, temperature, and weather conditions at each location as well. Through my experiment, I found that higher elevations produced faster rates of leaves changing.  I also found a strong correlation between high elevations and low temperatures in the rate of leaves changing.

 

Keywords

            Elevation, Leaf Color, Temperature, Mountains, Weather Conditions

The environment’s influence on a crickets (Orthopetra: gryllidae) chirp in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Mark L. Harris, 25 Broadbent Hall, Provo Canyon, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

A cricket’s (gryllidae) chirp is affected by the temperature of where the insect’s residence lies, but more research is required before I can fully be distinguish the difference between the chirps at warm temperature and at cold temperatures, as the cricket species adapts to the temperature changes. The experiments that I performed took place in Provo Canyon with crickets native to this location, where I tried to show that when the crickets’ environment converts to colder weather the pitch of their chirp will also alter, and so will the number of chirps in a given amount of time. I caught five crickets, looked at them, observed how they acted, and counted how many sounds that these crickets produced in a ten second interval. Then throughout a couple months, I examined to see what affect the weather changes had on the pitch and frequency of their chirp. The temperature was also calculated and recorded by using the windows gadget thermometer on my HP computer. This experiment will help me to understand why crickets have different pitches according to the temperature, and also the change in frequency of chirps as it gets colder.

Keywords: temperature, the sound of crickets, pitch, frequency, geography of Provo Canyon

Cooling of Weather’s Effect on Insect’s Appearance Under Rocks in Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Spencer Harris, Email: [e-mail], 1213w Creek Ridge Drive, South Jordan, UT, 84095, U.S.A

Abstract

The appearance of insects is affected by climate, but research was required to find what species were least affected by climate change in the Provo, Utah area. Experiments were conducted on a undeveloped hillside in Provo with local insects to show species variation and species density found beneath rocks as the weather changed. At different sites rocks were lifted and insect species underneath were identified and counted. A few days later the same site was viewed again and species and density were again recorded. This continued until a clear conclusion was reached. Deroceras reticulatum was the last to disappear, although the disappearance of the other species seems to have made no significant difference on the surrounding environment as winter took its course.

Key Words: climate, site, species, Deroceras reticulatum, environment.

The variance in insect species around different types of bodies of water: Provo River, Utah Lake, And Bridal Veil Falls in Provo, Utah

Author: Mikaela Hart, 460 E 700 N Apartment 2 Provo, UT 84606. Email: [e-mail] 

Abstract: 

Water bodies across the Utah valley were tested for the amount and variety of insects in the premises of the area to see which type of body of water had the most variance in its insect population. Tests were  performed at the Provo River, Utah Lake, and Bridal Veil Falls. Pitfall traps were used as well as visual observations in the area. After a three day test, results were gathered. Results proved that Bridal Veil Falls had the largest variety and abundance  of insects in the area of the waterfall. Discussing these results it was concluded that some of the reasons for the falls having this variety and abundance in insects was because of a lack of predators, lack of human disturbance, and an abundance of flora due to a steady water level. 

Diversity of Plant Life Influences Insect Diversity.

 

Adam T. Hawker, 142 W 2170 N #414 Provo, Utah 84604, Email: [e-mail]

 

Abstract

Certain insects in Provo, Utah choose to inhabit a certain species of plant even though all the plants are located in an identical climate and similar altitude. This shows that though there are arguments that altitude affects bug abundance, you can control the type of bug with the plant types you choose to grow.  Along the highway by the Provo River there are stretches of land where Colorado pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) trees dominate specific plots of ground. On the same plane of ground nearby there is a separate sections of land canyon or bigtooth maple (Acer grandidentatum) and balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera). Over the course of a couple weeks I observed the different insect species inhabiting the plants with the use of bug traps. I made the traps by attaching strings to an assortment of differently shaped dishes. I planted the multiple types of traps in the different species of trees. I was able to effectively determine what types of insect species prefer certain trees for dwelling. Many of the winged caddisfly prefer to live in canyon maples while many of the land crawling bus were abundantly found in balsam poplar. Pine trees proved to be unfavorable for insect dwelling.

 

Keywords: diversity, plant, insect, river, altitude, aquatic.

The effects of altitude on pine needle (Pseudotsuga menziesii) liquid retention capacity in Provo, Utah, USA

Hilary N. Hayes, 3106 Taylor Halls, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Douglas-fir trees appear to be taller and greener when located in areas of higher elevation. This could be due to the moisture within the pine needles that is received at higher elevations. Comparing the water retention capacity of pine needles at three different elevations is an appropriate method to test this. The branches were placed inside a pressure bomb and the pressure at which moisture began to come out of the end of the branch was recorded and compared with the other elevation pressures. There was not a large average difference between the three elevations to conclude that pine needle water retention capacity is the cause in the difference of color and height among different elevations but it may have an important effect.

Keywords: pine needles; pressure bomb; water retention; wettability; Douglas-fir

How altitude affects number of deciduous and Coniferous trees at specific points on Y Mountain:  Provo, UT, U.S.A.

 

Whitney Henkel. 738 N 200 E. Apartment 2, Provo, UT 84606, Email:  [e-mail]

 

Abstract

            The purpose of this study was to look at the effect of altitude on the number of deciduous and coniferous trees.  The various switchbacks on Y Mountain in Provo, UT were chosen as the sites of study.  At these points, the number of each tree was counted and in comparing the results it was seen that coniferous trees were most common at the highest altitude with some at the base of the mountain and the number of deciduous trees began to decrease with altitude.  Many factors such as leaf and need length or weather could play a part in explaining these observations.  This experiment could also potentially lead to many other experiments regarding trees and altitude.

 

Key Words:  nature; trees; coniferous; deciduous; Provo; altitude.

Temperature Influence on Chlorophyll Levels in Bigtooth Maple Tree Leaves (Magnoliopsida:Aceraceae) in Provo Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Jamie Henriksen, 3107 Hinckley Hall, Provo, Utah  84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The study was done to better understand the correlation between temperature and chlorophyll levels in leaves (Aceracae). Several samples of leaves were selected on the base on Provo Canyon and exposed to alcohol-based testing over the course of four weeks. Higher chlorophyll levels were found in leaves collected at higher temperatures, which supported the hypothesis that chlorophyll content is affected positively by warmer temperatures. As temperature increased the chlorophyll levels were found to increase as well. With the inclusion of outside factors such as precipitation levels, carbon dioxide concentrations, etc. a direct positive correlation cannot be proven but the findings of this experiment suggest that temperature and chlorophyll levels are positively correlated.

Key words: temperature, chlorophyll concentration.Influence of Urbanization on the Health of Pine Trees in Sundance, Utah: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Shannon Hensley, 954 North 900 E #2, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The health of pine trees is affected by the environment which surrounds them; however more research was required to see what, if any, effect the human population had on their health. In this experience, the ‘human population’ was equated to air pollutants and emissions. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the health of pine trees at the campgrounds at Sundance, forested areas of Sundance and on the campus of Brigham Young University over a period of six weeks. Specimens of needles were taken from several pine trees from these three areas. Using the forest trees as a control, the information recorded was plotted on graphs and compared over time. These comparisons, along with careful research, lead to the conclusion that while the trees in more urbanized area did show to be unhealthier those farther away from people, the difference was small. Further research and experimenting could be done to take into account other biotic factors such as water and soil pollutants.

Keywords

Bristlecone Pine, estimation, health assessments, air emissions

Influence of Habitat Types on Proportion of Plants that Follow the Fibonacci Sequence in the Utah Valley: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Lisa Heppler, 158 Wells Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The leaf patterns found in many plants are known to follow the primary Fibonacci sequence (Newell and Shipman 2008), but more research is necessary in order to conclude that the Fibonacci sequence found in plants is related to habitat type. I conducted an experiment in three different habitat types in the Utah Valley in order to study the relationship between habitat type and a plants’ Fibonacci character. I counted the total number of species in a 4-meter by 4-meter plot of land in each of the three habitat types: grassland, forest, and river. I then recorded how many of the different species in each habitat followed the Fibonacci sequence. When I finished collecting all of my data, I organized my data into three different proportions correlating to each of the three habitat types, which related the number of plants that followed the Fibonacci sequence to the total number of species found. For the forest habitat, I found that 4 out of the 9 total species of plants followed the Fibonacci sequence. For the river habitat, I found that 8 of 16 followed, and for the grassland habitat, I found that 6 of 15 followed. I then ran a chi-square 2-way test of significance on the three proportions and found that there is no association between the habitat type and the proportion of plants that follow the Fibonacci sequence. In other words, the Fibonacci sequence found in plants is not related to the plants’ habitat.

Key words: Fibonacci sequence, phyllotaxis, habitat type, test of significance

The Correlation between the Amount of Precipitation and Length of Tree Rings (Picea pungens and Acer macrophyllum) Bountiful, Utah, U.S.A

Chad Hilyard, 3117 Budge Hall, Provo, Utah 84602 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Dendrochronology which the many different lengths of a tree’s rings can relatively tell us the amount of moisture the ecosystem, of where the tree is located, received a certain year in comparison of the other rings. The tree samples will be taken from North Canyon (Bountiful, Utah) to show the different ring lengths of two different tree species in the same area. I will be gathering data from a Colorado Blue Spruce and a Big Leaf Maple tree. The length of tree ring will be organized and graphed against the amount of moisture received that year. I will gather the data for the average amount of precipitation each year, for the past ten years, from September 2000 until September 2010.

Key words: Dendrochronology, organized, average precipitation.

Influence of altitudinal and thermal factors (with respect to other significant abiotic factors) on diverse populations of trees in Timber Lakes, Utah.

Andrew C. Himebaugh, 2117 May Hall, Provo, Utah, 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Principle among abiotic factors that influence the distribution of populations of trees is altitude. Temperature has been shown to be a heavy influence as well, especially in favoring deciduous species (Way and Oren 2010). Additionally, decreased photosynthetic rates and litter decay, which are very influential factors on the growth of trees, are directly influenced by temperature (Ow and Whitehead 2010; Sariyildiz and Kucuk 2008 respectively). My hypothesis was that the sub-factor of temperature with respect to altitude is the dominant influence on the adaptation of trees in communities where drastic change in altitude occurs with a neat contrast of deciduous trees at lower altitudes and coniferous trees at higher altitudes. I drew a differing conjecture from Timber Lakes in the Uintah Mountains Utah, however. Experiments were conducted from five relatively similar locations in the area, each being approximately 152.4 meters increased in elevation from the previous site. At each site trees on a certain lot of approximately 4046.9 m^2, I counted trees of various species were counted trees of various species to be measured against each other. The results displayed that, while altitude pushed trees to adapt to populate the different locations, moisture (proximity to water and observable humidity, precipitation, etc…), and not temperature is the dominant sub factor to directing the evolution of the plants and trees that populate the area. For example, colonized populus tremuloides existed at all but one location and were even more dominant at the relatively higher altitude. This ends has brought me to make a more educated postulation that because of the more arid climate of mountains in Utah, water has become a greater determining factor in the growth and development of tree populations. Furthermore, it has created a more unique climate for the individuals, and the evolutionary process has adjusted in a different way than has been defined as more typical.

Keywords: Elevation, deciduous, coniferous Aspen, Spruce, Juniper, Oak, relative temperature, observable difference in moisture.

Growth of algae in Provo River: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

 

Tyler Wesley Hinton, 114 Shipp Hall-Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602 Email: [e-mail]

 

Abstract

            Within this Fresh Water Experiment, growth of algae is tested according to how much grows on certain kinds of things in different settings.  Through observation of the experiment, the growth will be recorded weekly to see sufficient results.  This experiment will take place in the Provo River on West 2230 North Street.  Three sets of tiles will be placed in various areas of the river.  During my experiment of six weeks no algae was on the bathroom tiles.  I think it is because of cold weather conditions.

 

Key words

            Algae increase, algae growth, Fresh water experiment, River algae,  algae experience

Behavior of turkey vultures at different times of the day and different weather conditions in Thousand Oaks, CA.

Jake Hobbs, 1220 Merrill Hall, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [e-mail]

Abstract:

The purpose of this study was to see if turkey vultures had different behavior patterns at different times of the day and in different weather conditions. Specifically, the birds were observed in the morning from the hours of 7:00 9:00am and in the evening from 4:00 to 6:00 pm. Two hypotheses were that there would be greater numbers of the birds together in the evening hours and there would also be more activity in the evening, for example, more circling and flying around as opposed to roosting in nearby trees. As the results will discuss, it was found that on most occasions the hypotheses were correct. On the majority of the days more turkey vultures were seen in the evenings and of those birds seen in the evenings a greater percentage of them were flying.

Key words: behavior patterns, California vultures, roosting

Acidity Levels in the Provo River, Provo, UT, U.S.A. and their Influence on Algae Growth
Tyler J. Hubbard, 1866 N 40 W Apt. 39 Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]
Abstract

The growth of algae and what type of algae grows is influenced by the acidity of the water that it grows in. Experiments will be conducted in the Provo River in Provo, Utah using ten tiles each dispersed one quarter of a mile apart. Observing these I will be able to see algal growth and what types of algae grow in certain levels of acidity in water. Acidity levels of the water in the locations of the tiles will be observed and recorded every other day for a period of about two weeks. Algal growth will be plotted against pH levels.

Key words: algae, pH level, acidityViability of autumn leaves from Acer grandidentatum, Amelanchier utahensis, Betula occidentalis, and Quercus gambelii found in Provo, Utah, as pigment for organic based paint

Jenny Huffman, 509 N. Belmont Place, Apt. 269, Provo, Utah 84606, email: [e-mail]

Abstract

As autumn approaches, Provo, Utah, is privileged to experience the change of the season as leaves on the local trees display an array of fall colors. In the interest of environmentally friendly paints, the question becomes whether or not these leaves can be used as pigments for homemade paint. I conducted experiments with leaves from the Acer grandidentatum (Big Tooth Maple), the Amelanchier utahensis (Utah Serviceberry), the Betula occidentalis (Water Birch), and the Quercus gambelii (Gambel Oak) located along a stream on the Alpine Loop in Provo, Utah. I collected specimens on October 2, 2010, and November 13, 2010. On November 13, I made the six-week old dried samples and the six-hour old samples into an egg tempura paint and then tested the samples on painter’s canvas to determine the pigment, vibrancy, texture and coverage. All the six-week old dried samples were unsuccessful as pigment was lost, texture varied between smooth and grainy and coverage varied between good and spotty. Of the six-hour old samples, the Utah Serviceberry and the Water Birch both produced the same results as the six-week old samples. The six-hour old sample from the Gambel Oak retained its color and vibrancy, had a smooth texture, but its coverage was spotty. Finally, the six-hour old sample from the Big Tooth Maple proved to be the most viable as it retained its pigment and vibrancy, had a smooth texture and good coverage.

Keywords: organic paint, pigment, Acer grandidentatum, Amelanchier utahensis, Betula occidentalis, Quercus gambelii

Correlation Between Water Quality and Benthic Macro-invertebrate Diversity in the Provo River

Joshua L. Huss, 700 N. 300 E. Apt # D3, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Aquatic insects have been used in many instances to measure water quality and predict environmental impact of pollutants. In this study we wish to examine more about these insects themselves, and how their populations differ within a common body of water. The Provo River flows from a relatively pure natural source up Provo Canyon, but passes through several residential and industrial areas before exiting the valley. Water pH will be measured as well as the diversity/abundance of these aquatic insects to examine any correlations between water quality and these populations. Explanations including outside influences will be considered where diversity differences do not bear strong correlation to pH. We will take samples at three locations on the river namely off of Casperville Rd, the base of the Deer Creek Dam, and in downtown Provo--just north of Maceys.

Key Words: Macro-invertebrates, Acidity, Invasive Species, Pollution, Provo Canyon

Effect of temperature on the behavior of arthropods in Provo, Utah, USA

Hutcheson, Hanna, Undergraduate Biology Student, 1505 N. Canyon Rd. Apt. 50, Provo, UT,  USA, [e-mail]

mailto:[e-mail]

While observing the fluctuation of temperatures in Provo, UT, I wondered if ground-dwelling arthropods were affected by colder temperatures, or if their level of activity would remain unchanged. Data shows that as a survival mechanism, arthropods slow their metabolism and can even enter into a ‘chill coma.’ I used the pitfall method to test the arthropods, keeping careful record of temperature and precipitation of every day of the experiment. In general, I was correct that the colder temperatures affected the activity of arthropods, but I was wrong in thinking that the level of precipitation would also have an affect on the level of activity.

Keywords: arthropods, temperatures, precipitation, Utah, pitfall trap

Selective consumption of feeding among birds and specific species of birds on west trail of Timpanogos Park: Provo canyon, Utah, U.S.A.

Jillian N. Jackson, 765 East 750 North Apt. 2, Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The feeding habits of birds differ in each species due to the performance variation, size, nutrient needs, and metabolic rate. Black oil sunflower seeds provide an adequate diet for most wild birds due to their high quality protein. Experiments will be conducted on a trail west of Timpanogos Park using two different birdseeds to discover if birds are attracted to a certain seed, and more specifically, whether there is selectivity within certain species. Black oil sunflower seeds and mixed wild birdseed will be hung from a tree to the side of the trail. Data will be recorded to track the amount of birds that eat the different birdseed, as well as the varied species that feed on each seed. For the last observation period, the feeders will be left in the tree, and checked periodically to see which seed is preferred. No birds ate from feeder during the observation period. When the bird feeders were left in the canyon for one week, data was acquired reflecting the preference for black oil sunflower seeds by birds in Timpanogos Park. These results reflect that birds in the canyon need seed that are higher in fat and high quality protein for growth and performance.

Keywords: diet, protein, birds, feeding, consumption

Climate Influence on Birds: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.
Kathryn L. Jensen, 442 N 400 E Apt. 10, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

This observation was done in order to see whether or not Provo becomes cold enough to cause birds (specifically ducks) to migrate during the winter. Observations were done at the Paul Reams Wilderness Park near the Provo River. Temperature readings were taken and the number of birds in the pond were recorded. These observations were done for four weeks in a row during the end of fall and beginning of winter months. Snowfall did not begin until the last week of observations. The number of ducks counted stayed consistent through the weeks and did not decrease as the observations continued until the last week when no ducks were found. Given that this experiment was not able to continue past the first few snow falls it is not known whether or not the ducks did actually migrate or will wait to migrate after a few more weeks of snowfall. Further observations must be done in order to fully conclude whether these ducks will go to warmer climates for the winter.
Key words Mallard Ducks, Migration Patterns

Thermal influence on vibrancy of sunsets in Rock Canyon: Provo, Utah, U.S.A.

Lindsay G. Jensen, 3115 Taylor Hall Provo, Utah 84604, Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Sunsets and the timing of these spectacles change as the year wanes; however, as the seasons change and temperatures drop, the question at hand is whether or not the vibrancy of the color spectrum found in sunsets varies with temperature as well as other factors. In doing so, one could potentially determine what colors will be most prevalent in sunsets before it occurs. The experiment will be held in Rock Canyon. Once a week on the same day, the temperature, time, visibility, and humidity will be recorded atop Rock Canyon and a picture will be taken to record the vibrancy of each sunset. On a scale ranging from 1 to 3 the vibrancy will be valued each week to differentiate between sunsets and to determine whether temperature or any other factors have affects on the color and vibrancy of sunsets.



Keywords: Sunset, Utah Valley, Temperature, Vibrancy, Smog, Color

The effect of spruce (pinaceae: picea pungens) on surrounding soil acidity in Canyon River Park, Provo
Sarah C. Jenson, 3205 Chipman Hall Provo Utah 84604, [e-mail]

The Colorado Blue Spruce (picea pungens) is native to western North America at high altitudes. This study was to determine the effect of the decomposition of its shed needles on surrounding soil acidity. Soil samples were taken at regular intervals from the trunk of a Colorado Blue Spruce and then tested for pH using universal pH indicator paper. The acidity of the soil did not change relative to the distance from the trunk. Results may change by using a more sensitive way to measure pH.

Keywords: Spruce, picea pungens, soil, acidity, pH

Moth (Lepidoptera) Attraction To Various Types of Light (Fluorescent light, Black light, and Incandescent light) in Lindon, Utah, U.S.A.

Chunie Johnson, 101 A. Richards Hall Provo, Utah 84604 U.S.A., Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

During the dark hours of the day, there are many insects that are attracted to light. Most of the insects that portray positive phototaxis (phenomenon of attraction to light) are insects with wings, like moths or flies. Negative phototaxis (phenomenon in which light repels insects) insects include cockroaches, beetles, and earthworms. For this experiment I observed the behavior of moths (Lepidoptera). I conducted the experiment in an orchard located at 334 West Lakeview Road, Lindon, Utah. I used three different types of light to attract the moths; a black light, a fluorescent light, and an incandescent light. The experiment was conducted for four consecutive days for a forty-five minute time period. My findings led me to the conclusion that the incandescent light was the most effective in attracting moths followed by the fluorescent light. I also concluded that the least effective light for attracting moths was the black light.

Keywords
Light, moths (Lepidoptera), attraction, Utah.
Do Colors Really Matter

 Kylar Jones 999 N Grove Drive, Alpine UT 84004 [e-mail]

Abstract:

            When observing the changing colors of different trees I wondered which trees changed colors and lost their leaves earlier and what environmental factors contributed to these kinds of trends.  I noticed that the trees in higher elevations were changing their colors earlier than those at lower elevations and that they shed their leaves earlier also.  I also noticed that different kinds of trees at the same elevations were changing at different rates and wondered if there was any explanation for this phenomenon or if it was simply a matter of location.  It would seem that the color of the leaves would depend on the type of tree and most certainly not on the location of the tree and that it would be due to the absorption of light through the chloroplasts. 

Elevation effects on plant abundance and variety in Provo, Utah

Emily M. Judd, 366 E 600 N Apt. 31, Provo, Utah, 84606 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Plants can vary among different locations because of many factors including climate, rainfall, altitude and elevation. Elevation was the factor studied in this experience to aid in further observing and gaining knowledge on the plants and weeds that occupy Utah Valley. In this observation, two locations were chosen with differing elevations to determine if this factor affected the abundance and richness of plant growth in certain areas. To gain adequate results, three 10ft squares were observed at each location. Plants were identified and quantified. The results showed similar diversities among the plants and at both lower and higher elevations, relative richness and abundance could be found. Further investigation and research is needed to determine the main factors of plant growth found in Provo, Utah.

Keywords: Elevation, plant growth, abundance, richness.

Determining correlations between the age of Fraxinus americana (white ash trees) and their circumference.

Amy E. Kankiewicz, 2081 N. 40 W. Apt. 316, Provo, Utah 84604, [e-mail]

Abstract

In recent studies, a correlation has been found between a tree’s age and its circumference. It is thought by many that the correlation of age to circumference is exponential. I took this theory and tested it by using an increment borer on twelve specimens of Fraxinus americana along the Provo River. I identified the species of tree using pictures and samples of the leaves and bark. Using dendrochronology techniques, I was able to find the age of each sample. After compiling the data, I found that there was a trend among the circumference and age. When compared to each other, I found my results did not match the previous research done. I found that my results did not make up an exponential correlation, but a logarithmic correlation. The trend of my data is represented by the equation y = 54.364ln(x) – 112.05, with “x” being the age of the tree and “y” being its circumference. This conflicting result could be due to having a limited sample group, in age, circumference, location, and wood samples per individual tree.

Keywords: Fraxinus americana, white ash tree, circumference, correlations, age

The influence of colors on avian feeding preferences with special attention to Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) on Y Mountain, Provo, Utah, USA.
Devin C. Kimball, 2221 Helaman Halls, Building 9, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [e-mail]
Abstract

Birds prefer certain sites over others for use as a feeding habitat, but not all the factors are known to explain the preferences. Experiments will be conducted on Y Mountain in Provo, Utah to observe feeding habits of local birds when offered bird feed at slightly different feeding sites. The only difference in feeding sites will be the dominant color of the site which will determine if birds are attracted to certain colors when they settle on a feeding site. Western Scrub-Jays (Aphelocoma californica) were found to be attracted by the blue feeding site, but ate from the control pile the most. Most birds in the area avoided the feeding sites altogether. Birds, like all animals, make specific decisions before choosing a place to eat, and colors play a role in attracting or repulsing birds of different species. The results can be applied toward recreational bird feeding and bird watching practices.

Keywords: Western Scrub-Jay, feeding behavior, color recognition

Proximity to Water Influence on Plant’s Water Requirements

Kassie M. Klein, 1378 North Freedom Boulevard Apt. 424, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

Water is an important component of plant survival and health. Plants use energy to survive. This energy is gained from the sun and through the process of photosynthesis is turned into Oxygen. It is unclear how much water is needed or if a plant’s health is directly affected by the amount of water a plant has available. This experiment seeks to discover if a plant’s proximity to water reflects its water requirements. Plants found near the open water in Provo Utah were observed and their distances compared. If a plant is close to the water’s edge, it can be concluded that it has more water at its disposal than a plant further away from the river. Since the plants in the wild grow naturally near the water’s edge, it can be concluded that their proximity to the water is based on that plant’s specific water requirements. My results show that there is a positive connection between the closeness to water and height.

Keywords: plant, proximity, height, water requirements

The commonalities and differences in Quercus gambelii, Quercus robur 'Fastigiata', and Quercus robur leaves in Provo, Utah.

Sadie Klein, 1960 N. Canyon Road, apt. 10, Provo, Utah 84604. Email: [e-mail]

Abstract
After taking an interest in leaves and trees, the leaves of three different kinds of oak trees were collected from Y Mountain and the BYU campus and studied, with their height, width, and number of lobes measured in inches with a ruler and recorded. Averages were taken and sketched, and similarities and differences were noted. It was found that the oak leaves were similar in that they all had multiple lobes and were asymmetrical, yet they all differed in average height, width, and number of lobes according to the type of tree. The shapes of each leaves differed as well, and yet because of the similarities, they can all be identified visually as oak leaves.

Keywords: Gambel oak, Columnar English Oak, English oak, lobes, measurements

Density and structural difference in Honeylocust, European White Birch, and Scotch Pine barks to identify human usage in Kiwanis Park: Provo, Utah, USA

Deric J. Lambdin, 2121 Budge Hall, Provo, Utah 84604 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

The structure of the bark of a tree has been known for having varying physical characteristics. Some trees are known for having soft bark that can be chipped off easily, hard bark that can only be pried off a tree, and also bark that peels off the tree in paper-like sheets. Along with these characteristics, the density and composition of these bark varieties vary in elements like structural shape and density of the material. Experiments were conducted in Kiwanis Park with trees to find their density and compositional differences. Three tree species, honeylocust (Gleditsia triacantho), European White Birch (Betula pendula), and Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris), with the three different bark characteristics were found to have varying densities and structures which consequently result in a variety of human uses.

Keywords: honeylocust (Gleditsia triacantho); European White Birch (Betula pendula); and Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris); Structure; Density.

How a Plants Ecosystem Affect its Development.

Dan Lee 1936 n 700 w Provo, Utah 84604 [e-mail]

Abstract:

The goal of my nature experience was to see exactly how the ecosystem surrounding the area of the neighboring mountains affected the development of the plants found there. The specific geographical area that I focused on was the mountainside where the “Y” is found representing Brigham Young University. During my observations of plant development, I focused solely on four main factors that I saw that affected the plants on that mountain side: erosion, mankind, wind, and precipitation. While these are four abiotic factors, I focused most of my nature experience on how those factors affected the life of the plants I came in contact with.

Key Words: Plant development, erosion, roots

Environmental Influences on the Vibrancy of Changing Leaves on Crack Willow Tree (Salix fragilis) in Provo River: Provo, Utah U.S.A.

Sophie M. Lefens 855 East 700 North Provo, Utah 84606 Email: [e-mail]

Abstract

I examined environmental factors such as proximity to water, sunlight and air temperature in order to observe the affect these factors have on the changing leaves on Salix fragilis trees. I observed two specific Salix fragilis organisms three times a week over the course of four weeks. One tree is further from the water and receives less sunlight while the second tree is closer to the water and receives more sunlight. I recorded temperature and precipitation as well as the texture, color and quantity of leaves remaining on their branches. The leaves on the tree closest to the water and more exposed to the sun remained green and moist longer than the tree in the shade and further from the water.

Why silver ferns are shaped the way they are?  
 

Samantha Linton, Undergrad, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602.                 Email: [e-mail] 

Abstract

      The purpose of this paper is to show why there are reoccurring patterns in nature.  In this paper I will be showing different examples of patterns in nature. I will be using different  

Introduction

Ferns are a family of plants that have been biologically successful. Ferns are found worldwide but in not so varied of environments. A fern will only grow in warm humid environments (“about ferns”).

Methods and Materials

I searched why there were reoccurring patters in nature, than I went out and found more examples. I found that snowflakes and trees also have fractals. Fractals are a geometrical or physical structure having an irregular or fragmented shape at all scales of measurement between a greatest and smallest scale such that certain mathematical or physical properties of the structure, as the perimeter of a curve or the flow rate in a porous medium, behave as if the dimensions of the structure (fractal dimensions) are greater than the spatial dimensions.”

Key Words: Fractals, Patterns, Fractal Geometry

Literature Cited

"About Ferns." Ferns of the Canberra Region. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.