Alan Turing and his contemporaries pdf
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SEC (Simple Electronic Computer) 63, 63 SSEM (Small-Scale Experimental Machine ‘Baby’) computer 37, 38, 39, 85–88, 99
digital computers; Ferranti Mark I; storage Comrie, L J 23 Darwin, Charles 13, 15 Davies, Donald 13, 17 debugging programs 28–30 defence
computer applications 47–49, 69–71, 76 wartime research 1–3 DEUCE computer 19, 19, 51, 82, 85–87, 92–93 Dollis Hill Post Office Research Station 2, 13, 19, 70 Eckert, Presper 3 EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) 22, 23–32, 85–87, 89–90 completion 27, 27 computing service 30–31, 30 monitor tubes 29, 30 subroutine library 29, 29, 30 Turing’s dismissive response to 25, 81–82 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) 4, 23, 61
EDVAC Report 4–5, 12, 23, 61, 79
Edwards, Dai 40 Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator see EDSAC Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) 4, 23, 61
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) 3–5, 4 Elliott Brothers (London) Ltd 47, 53, 54, 70 Elliott digital computers 47–55, 48, 79 automation 55–57 defence-related 47–49, 48, 70–71 Elliott 152 48, 51 Elliott 153 48, 49, 82 Elliott 402 54–55, 82, 85–87 Elliott 403 48, 49, 55 Elliott 405 55, 56 Elliott Nicholas 48, 49 Elliott/NRDC 401 53–54, 54, 71–72 OEDIPUS 48, 49, 70 technological innovations 50–52, 51
Elliott, W S (Bill) 50, 53, 54, 79 Elliott-Automation 57, 76 industrial process control applications 57, 77 engineering: computer applications 71–74
English Electric company: DEUCE computer 19, 19, 51, 82, 85–87, 92–93 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 3–5, 4 Ferranti Ltd 37, 54, 70, 76 Ferranti Mark I 41–43, 42, 43, 53, 85–87, 90–92, 101–102 programming system 43–44, 83, 90–92
specifications 43 users 44, 73 Ferranti Mark I* 45, 72–73 Ferranti Pegasus computers 54, 75 Fujitsu 76 game theory 15 GCHQ computers 48, 49, 70 Ferranti Mark I* 72 GEC-Marconi 76 Germany: computer projects 1938-45 9 Gold, Tommy 23–24 Good, Jack 35 Government Communications Headquarters see GCHQ Hanslope Park 11 Hartree, Douglas 3, 3, 5, 21, 27, 75 HEC (Hollerith Electronic Computers) 66–67, 66, 67, 82, 85–87
Hill, Norman 49 Hodges, Andrew 83, 95, 105 Hollerith Electronic Computers (HEC) 66–67, 66, 67, 82, 85–87 Huskey, Harry 13 IBM 35, 55, 76 ICCE (Imperial College Computing Engine) 74 ICL (International Computers Ltd) 76, 77 ICT (International Computers and Tabulators) Ltd 67, 74 Imperial College Computing Engine (ICCE) 74 industrial process control: computer applications 57, 76, 77 International Computers Ltd (ICL) 76, 77 International Computers and Tabulators (ICT) Ltd 67, 74 J Lyons & Company 25–26 Kendrew, John 31–32, 31 Kilburn, Tom 33, 34, 35–37, 79 Kitz, Norman 63, 63 Lennard-Jones, John 21–22, 22 LEO (Lyons Electronic Office) 26, 27, 74
licences: Williams-Kilburn CRT storage system 35 Lockspeiser, Ben 37 Lyons Electronic Office (LEO) 26, 27, 74 MADM (Manchester Automatic Digital Machine) see Manchester University Mark I magnetic drum store 17, 18 Ferranti Mark I 43 Manchester drum 40, 41, 99 Manchester University computer design team 40–41, 45–46
Douglas Hartree 21 Tom Kilburn 33, 34, 35, 79 Max Newman 5, 5, 34–35 Alan Turing 15–16, 40–43, 98–103 Freddie Williams 33–35, 34, 79 Manchester University Mark I computer 38, 39, 40–41, 99, 100 manufacturing: computer applications 57, 76, 77 Martin’s Bank computerisation 75 Mauchley, John 3 Meg computer 45 memory see storage mercury delay-line storage 13, 14, 23 monitor tubes 29, 30 Moore School of Electrical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania 3–5, 23 morphogenesis 16, 44–45, 46, 83, 100, 101, 102 MOSAIC computer 19, 70–71 National Cash Register Co. Ltd (NCR) 55 National Physical Laboratory (NPL): Alan Turing at 7, 11–13, 80–81 National Research Development Corporation (NRDC) 53 Newman, Max 5, 5, 34–35 Newman, Ted 13, 17 Norwich County Council: Elliott 405 computer 55, 56 NRDC (National Research Development Corporation) 53 patents: Williams-Kilburn CRT storage system 35 Pearcey, Trevor 9 Post Office Research Station Dollis Hill 2, 13, 19, 70 110
programming debugging 28–30 development 28–31 EDSAC subroutine library 29, 29, 30 Ferranti Mark I system 43–44, 83, 90–92 issues with Turing’s optimum programming 19–20, 82–83 Mark I Autocode 44, 45 software development 52 WWG textbook 31 random-access store 20, 33, 83 Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM ‘Baby’) computer 37, 38, 86–87 Ratio Club 16 Rees, David 5, 35 Renwick, Bill 24 Robinson, Alec 40 Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), Farnborough computers Elliott Nicholas 48 RASCAL 74 St Johnston, Andrew 52, 53, 54, 79, 80
science: computer applications 71–74 SEC (Simple Electronic Computer) 63, 63 software development 52 SSEM (Small-Scale Experimental Machine ‘Baby’) computer 37, 38, 39, 85–88, 99 storage
ACE magnetic drum store 17, 18 cathode ray tube 20, 33, 35–38, 36, 38 DEUCE computer 19, 51 development of electronic devices 61–62
EDSAC computer 22, 23–24, 24 Elliott nickel delay lines 50, 51 Ferranti Mark I 43 Manchester drum 40, 41, 99 mercury delay-lines 13, 14, 23 problems 1945-7 8 random-access systems 20, 33, 37, 83 Strachey, Christopher 42, 53–54, 54, 101 subroutine library 29, 29, 30 The Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE) 3 Thomas, Tommy 40 Tootill, Geoff 35, 37, 39, 41 Turing, Alan 5–9, 6, 80, 80 at Bletchley Park 6–7, 83–84 at Cambridge University 13–14, 15, 81–82 at Hanslope Park 11 at Manchester University 15–16, 40–43, 98–103 at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) 7, 11–13, 80–81, 95–98 awarded OBE 83 biography by Andrew Hodges 83, 95, 105 dates 6, 95–103 death 45, 83, 103 Ferranti Mark I programming system 43–44, 83, 90–92 homosexuality 83, 102 influence on contemporaries 80–83 Intelligent Machinery report for NPL 15 involvement with ACE 13, 80–81, 82–83, 95–98 morphogenesis studies 16, 44–45,
On Computable Numbers paper 6–7, 79 optimum programming drawbacks 19–20, 82–83 papers 105–106 posthumous reputation 83–84
Proposed electronic calculator report for NPL 12 relationship with Maurice Wilkes 25, 81–82 Universal Machines 5–7 Turing Test 16 United States computer projects 1948-54 8–9 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) 4, 23, 61 EDVAC Report 4–5, 12, 23, 61, 79 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) 3–5, 4 IBM 35, 55, 76 Vaughn, Dina 52, 56 von Neumann, John 3–4, 23, 60–61, 64–65 EDVAC Report 4–5, 12, 23, 61 79
wartime research 1–3 Weaver, Warren 62 Wheeler, David 28 Wijngarden, Adriaan van 62 Wilkes, Maurice 5, 21–31, 21, 22, 79
relationship with Alan Turing 25, 81–82 Wilkinson, Jim 13, 17 Williams, Freddie C 33–36, 34, 37, 79, 80 Womersley, John 11, 13, 25 Woodger, Mike 13, 17 World War II: research 1–3 Yates, David 80–81, 95 111
alan Turing and hiS conTemporarieS Building the world’s first computers Simon Lavington (Editor) alan Turing
and hi S con Temporarie S Simon La vington (Editor) alan Turing and hiS conTemporarieS Building the world’s first computers Simon Lavington (Editor) Secret wartime projects in code-breaking, radar and ballistics produced a wealth of ideas and technologies that kick-started the development of digital computers. By 1955 computers produced by companies such as Ferranti, English Electric, Elliott Brothers and the British Tabulating Machine Co. had begun to appear in the market-place. The Information Age was dawning and Alan Turing and his contemporaries held centre stage. Their influence is still discernible deep down within today’s hardware and software. This is a tribute not only to stars such as Tom Kilburn, Alan Turing and Maurice Wilkes but to the many other scientists and engineers who made significant contributions to early computing during the period 1945 – 1955. • Fascinating story told by top historians • Tales of electronic wizardry and notable British firsts • Marks the centenary of Alan Turing’s birth • How Alan Turing turned his fertile mind to many subjects during his tragically short life
Professor Simon Lavington is the Computer Conservation Society’s digital Archivist. Chris Burton is one of the world’s leading restorers of historic computers. Professor Martin Campbell-Kelly is the UK’s foremost computer historian. Dr Roger Johnson is a past president of BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT. All are committee members of the Computer Conservation Society. Popular Science 124908
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There can be no doubt that Alan Turing was a brilliant man who changed the course of history in countless ways, but there were many other brilliant minds involved in bringing computer science to life and ultimately into our homes. This fascinating book reminds us of the importance of their contribution. A fitting tribute to those who gave the world so much. Kate Russell, technology reporter for BBC Click Fantastic! This is an excellent romp through Britain’s early computer history, placing Alan Turing’s work in a broader context and introducing the reader to some of the significant machines and personalities that created our digital world. Dr Tilly Blyth, Curator of Computing and Information, Science Museum Document Outline
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