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Born: Krakow, Poland on April 7, 1884
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tarix | 06.05.2018 | ölçüsü | 456 b. | | #42977 |
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http://www.afsp.org/index.cfm?page_id=04ea1254-bd31-1fa3-c549d77e6ca6aa37 http://www.afsp.org/index.cfm?page_id=04ea1254-bd31-1fa3-c549d77e6ca6aa37 http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide_rates/en
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f22VsAlOwbc http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f22VsAlOwbc
Born: Krakow, Poland on April 7, 1884 Born: Krakow, Poland on April 7, 1884 Family: Upper-class
Ph.D. in Philosophy, Physics, and Mathematics Ph.D. in Philosophy, Physics, and Mathematics - University of Krakow in 1908
1913: Lectured at London School of Economics
Founded: Functionalism All components of society interlock to form a well-balanced system
Britain: Reaction to 19th c. evolution Britain: Reaction to 19th c. evolution Shift from Social change To Social stability - How societies stayed the same
World->Colonies World->Colonies Problem: Ruling native people? Required: - Practical knowledge of social & political structures
Research focus: Functioning of social systems Research focus: Functioning of social systems Information served colonial administration Focus: Maintaining order & stability
Social Structure = Enduring patterns of social relationships Function: Society= Organism - Parts work together to maintain system
Emphasis on equilibrium - Change->Upsets the equilibrium
Emphasized characteristics of: Emphasized characteristics of: Beliefs Ceremonies Customs Institutions Religion Ritual Sexual taboos
First field study came in 1915-18 First field study came in 1915-18 Studied the Trobriand Islanders of New Guinea in the southwest Pacific Used holistic approach to study natives’ social interactions including: - Annual Kula Ring Exchange
1915 WW I started 1915 WW I started Remained in New Guinea for duration of the war 1922 Argonauts of the Western Pacific
Society: Functions to meet needs of individuals Society: Functions to meet needs of individuals All people have these needs 3 Levels of Needs: - 1. Biological
- 2. Instrumental
- 3. Integrative
These fundamental needs must be supplied by culture These fundamental needs must be supplied by culture Anthropologists could study the ways in which a culture meets these needs for its people.
1. Biological needs: 1. Biological needs: - Nutrition
- Reproduction
- Bodily comforts
- Safety
- Relaxation
- Movement
Culture provides: Culture provides: Stability, cohesion, and physical survival through:
Characteristics of Malinowski’s method Characteristics of Malinowski’s method Lived as a native among natives Watched them daily at work and at play Conversations with them their language Information from personal observation Statements directly by the natives
Documents people’s routine daily lives Documents people’s routine daily lives Explores a cultural group Live with group being studied, or spends a lot of time with them
Unobtrusive Unobtrusive Identify geographical & temporal location To reveal little known societies To obtain insider’s view Understand point of view from inside the group
Identify behavior patterns Identify behavior patterns Make reader understand perspective of native Understand: Context Complexity Politics of social processes
Accuracy of information Complexity of information Careful Observation No contact with white people Seek information naturally - Instead of through informants
HOLISM: Kula is an exchange system in Trobriand Islands: HOLISM: Kula is an exchange system in Trobriand Islands: Politics Alliance formation Prestige Feasting Economic trade Magic Contributes to the integration of society
Ethnographic work (Holism): Deal with the totality—an anatomy of culture Ethnographic work (Holism): Deal with the totality—an anatomy of culture To study only religion (or technology) creates an artificial field of inquiry
Ethnology introduced law & order into what seemed chaotic & freakish Ethnology introduced law & order into what seemed chaotic & freakish Transformed sensational, wild & unaccountable world of “savages” into a number of well-ordered communities Key: Society exists to fulfill the needs of the individual
Subsistence--fishing and yam agriculture Subsistence--fishing and yam agriculture Matrilineal society: Descent traced from mother’s line Inheritance passes from mother’s brother to sister’s son Brother required to gift (yams) his sister’s family
Most spectacular and prestigious exchanges occurred between islands Known as kula Involved long sailing expeditions across open sea
Separation between utilitarian exchange (gimwali) and ceremonial exchanges (kula) Separation between utilitarian exchange (gimwali) and ceremonial exchanges (kula) Kula: Exchange of ceremonial items: soulava (necklaces) and mwali (armbands) Items not kept permanently Possession of famous kula items brings person renown & prestige
Partners in the kula were lifelong trading partners obliged to each other for: Partners in the kula were lifelong trading partners obliged to each other for: Hospitality Help Assistance Minor kula exchanges within a group of islands preceded major expeditions. Usually one overseas trading expedition per year.
Two types of Kula gifts 1. Shell-disc necklaces (Soulava) that are traded to the north (circling the ring in clockwise direction) 2. Shell armbands (Mwali) that are traded in the southern direction (circling counter-clockwise).
A founding father of British social anthropology A founding father of British social anthropology British anthropology paradigm shift: - From speculative and historical (evolutionary) to
- The ahistorical study of social institutions
Greatest contribution as an ethnographer Greatest contribution as an ethnographer Importance of studying social behavior in cultural contexts Participant-observation Consider observable differences between norms and action: - Between what people say they do and what they actually do
Detailed descriptions of Trobriand social life and thought Detailed descriptions of Trobriand social life and thought Kinship & Marriage (e.g., "sociological paternity“ vs “biological”) Explain human economic behavior using both economics and anthropology
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