|
Grades and Standards for Nursery Stock by Edward F. Gilman, professor
|
tarix | 01.02.2018 | ölçüsü | 476 b. | | #23250 |
|
by Edward F. Gilman, professor Environmental Horticulture Department IFAS University of Florida http://hort.ufl.edu/woody/planting
Florida grades and standards 1955 Passed by Florida legislature; 1965 first edition printed Developed for more accurate communication between buyer/seller 1998 – second edition; a 10 step process for trees
Grading trees Tree quality at planting can have a great impact on longevity in the landscape Four grades exist for nursery plants in Florida. These include: -Florida Fancy -Florida #2 -Florida #1 -Cull
Florida fancy Single trunk Branch diameter smaller than 2/3 No flush cuts/open injuries Crown full of foliage Root ball is appropriately sized
Florida #1 Requires some pruning to develop good structure Double leader in top half of tree
Florida #2 Trees are misshapen or require major corrective pruning Defects may take several years to correct Double leader on bottom half of the tree
Cull Defects are not correctable Lack vigor May have poor trunk and branch structure, circling roots, open wounds, flush cuts, or a loose root ball
Steps for determining the grade of a tree Step 1- Grade trunk Step 3- Appropriate tree matrix Step 4- Trunk caliper Step 6- Structural uniformity of crown Step 7- Determine the lowest grade given in steps 1,2,5 and 6 Step 9- Downgrading factors Step 10-Roots
Step 1 Grade trunk
Florida fancy Single trunk Straight or with less than 5º bow
Florida #1 Trunk forks in upper half of tree Bow of 5º-15º
Florida #2 Trunk forks in lower half of tree Bow greater than 15º Trunk has dogleg
Cull Three or more trunks in lower half of tree.
Steps for determining the grade of a tree Step 1- Grade trunk Step 2- Branch arrangement Step 3- Appropriate tree matrix Step 4- Trunk caliper Step 5- Crown spread Step 6- Structural uniformity of crown Step 7- Determine the lowest grade given in steps 1,2,5 and 6 Step 8- Downgrading factors Step 9- Downgrading factors Step 10-Roots
Step 2 Grade branch arrangement
Florida fancy Large branches spaced at least 6” apart along the trunk No branch greater than 2/3 diameter of trunk No vertical branches
Florida #1 Branches are at least 4” apart One branch in upper half of tree may be greater than 2/3 No branch tips are taller than trunk
Florida #2 Most branches vertical Major branches spaced 4” apart in two or more locations One branch in lower half of tree larger than 2/3
Cull Vertical branching Narrow branch angles Major branches growing from same point or opposite from each other Major branches less than 4’ from the ground
Steps for determining the grade of a tree Step 1- Grade trunk Step 2- Branch arrangement Step 3- Appropriate tree matrix Step 4- Trunk caliper Step 5- Crown spread Step 6- Structural uniformity of crown Step 7- Determine the lowest grade given in steps 1,2,5 and 6 Step 8- Downgrading factors Step 9- Downgrading factors Step 10-Roots
Step 3 Choose appropriate tree matrix from index
Type 1- Spreading and rounded shapes. Ex- Live oak, sycamore, black olive. Type 1- Spreading and rounded shapes. Ex- Live oak, sycamore, black olive. Type 2- Pyramidal shapes. Ex- Pin oak, southern magnolia, pine. Type 3- Columnar/ upright shapes. Ex- Loblolly bay, Italian cypress, stopper. Type 4- Vase shapes. Ex- Chinese elm, hawthorn, redbud. Type 5- Oval shapes. Ex- Ash, basswood, red maple.
Steps for determining the grade of a tree Step 1- Grade trunk Step 2- Branch arrangement Step 3- Appropriate tree matrix Step 4- Trunk caliper Step 5- Crown spread Step 6- Structural uniformity of crown Step 7- Determine the lowest grade given in steps 1,2,5 and 6 Step 8- Downgrading factors Step 9- Downgrading factors Step 10-Roots
Caliper- Trunk diameter measured 6” from the ground for trees up to 4” caliper, and 12” from ground for larger trees. Caliper- Trunk diameter measured 6” from the ground for trees up to 4” caliper, and 12” from ground for larger trees.
Steps for determining the grade of a tree Step 1- Grade trunk Step 2- Branch arrangement Step 3- Appropriate tree matrix Step 4- Trunk caliper Step 5- Crown spread Step 6- Structural uniformity of crown Step 7- Determine the lowest grade given in steps 1,2,5 and 6 Step 8- Downgrading factors Step 9- Downgrading factors Step 10-Roots
Step 5 Grade crown spread
Grading for crown spread Measure crown spread Spread must be greater or equal to the minimum for the grade
Steps for determining the grade of a tree Step 1- Grade trunk Step 2- Branch arrangement Step 3- Appropriate tree matrix Step 4- Trunk caliper Step 5- Crown spread Step 6- Structural uniformity of crown Step 7- Determine the lowest grade given in steps 1,2,5 and 6 Step 8- Downgrading factors Step 9- Downgrading factors Step 10-Roots
Step 6 Grade structural uniformity of crown
Florida fancy Branches evenly distributed around trunk No major branch located directly above another
Florida #1 Most branches evenly distributed One major branch located directly above another Not completely foliated- small voids present.
Florida #2 Branches not evenly distributed Several branches growing on same side Two or more branches located directly above each other Large voids in crown
Cull Tree is one sided or flat sided Major branches growing from only one or two sides Large gaps in crown
Steps for determining the grade of a tree Step 1- Grade trunk Step 2- Branch arrangement Step 3- Appropriate tree matrix Step 4- Trunk caliper Step 5- Crown spread Step 6- Structural uniformity of crown Step 7- Determine the lowest grade given in steps 1,2,5 and 6 Step 8- Downgrading factors Step 9- Downgrading factors Step 10-Roots
Step 7 Determine the lowest grade from steps 1, 2, 5, and 6
Determine the lowest grade from steps 1, 2, 5, and 6
Steps for determining the grade of a tree Step 1- Grade trunk Step 2- Branch arrangement Step 3- Appropriate tree matrix Step 4- Trunk caliper Step 5- Crown spread Step 6- Structural uniformity of crown Step 7- Determine the lowest grade given in steps 1,2,5 and 6 Step 8- Downgrading factors-takes 1 Step 9- Downgrading factors-takes two Step 10-Roots
Step 8 Downgrading factors- Deduct one grade for every true statement
Tree with caliper greater than 1” requires staking
Root ball/container undersized
Root-bound
One or two roots growing out of container or grow bag
Crown thin/sparsely foliated
Tip dieback on more than 5% of branches
Steps for determining the grade of a tree Step 1- Grade trunk Step 2- Branch arrangement Step 3- Appropriate tree matrix Step 4- Trunk caliper Step 5- Crown spread Step 6- Structural uniformity of crown Step 7- Determine the lowest grade given in steps 1,2,5 and 6 Step 8- Downgrading factors-takes one Step 9- Downgrading factors-takes 2 Step 10-Roots
Step 9 Downgrading factors-Deduct one grade if two statements are true and two grades if more are true
Tree height shorter than min. or taller than max. in appropriate matrix
Flush cuts
Branch stubs
Open trunk wounds/ injuries
Graft unions not complete
More than lower 40% of trunk free from branches
More than 5% of leaves are chlorotic or show signs of pests and diseases
Included bark between trunk and major branches
Major branches touching
Steps for determining the grade of a tree Step 1- Grade trunk Step 2- Branch arrangement Step 3- Appropriate tree matrix Step 4- Trunk caliper Step 5- Crown spread Step 6- Structural uniformity of crown Step 7- Determine the lowest grade given in steps 1,2,5 and 6 Step 8- Downgrading factors-takes 1 Step 9- Downgrading factors-takes 2 Step 10-Roots
Step 10 Grade root structure
Circling roots inside root ball
Grades and Standards for Nursery Stock by Edward F. Gilman, professor Environmental Horticulture Department IFAS University of Florida http://hort.ufl.edu/woody/planting
Dostları ilə paylaş: |
|
|