Jncc coastal Directories Project Region 11 The Western Approaches



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Author
Address
Dr M. Aprahamian
Environment Agency - North West
Region, Fisheries Department,
PO Box 12, Richard Fairclough
House, Knutsford Road,
Warrington  WA4 1HG
Dr R.N. Bamber
Fawley Aquatic Research
Laboratories Ltd, Marine and
Freshwater Biology Unit, Fawley,
Southampton, Hants.  SO4 1TW
Dr R.S.K. Barnes
Department of Zoology, Downing
Street, Cambridge  CB2 3EJ
British Geological Survey
Coastal Geology Group, BGS,
Keyworth, Nottingham  NG12 5GG
D.M. Craddock
JNCC, Monkstone House,
City Road, Peterborough  PE1 1JY
C.A. Crumpton
RSK Environment, 47 West Street,
Dorking, Surrey  RH4 1BU
Dr T.C.D. Dargie
Loch Fleet View, Skelbo Street,
Dornoch, Scotland  IV25 3QQ
Dr N.C. Davidson
JNCC, Monkstone House,
City Road, Peterborough  PE1 1JY
Dr J.P. Doody
JNCC, Monkstone House,
City Road, Peterborough  PE1 1JY
C.D. Duck
NERC Sea Mammal Research Unit
(SMRU), University of St. Andrews,
School of Biochemical and Medical
Sciences, St. Andrews, Fife
KY16 8LB
M.J. Dunbar
Nature Conservation Bureau,
36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge
Road, Newbury, Berkshire
RG1 5SJ
M. Edwards
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for
Ocean Science, c/o Plymouth
Marine Laboratory, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, Devon  PL1 2PB
Dr P.G.H. Evans
Seawatch Foundation, Dept of
Zoology, University of Oxford,
South Parks Road, Oxford
OX1 3PS
S.J. Everett
Nature Conservation Bureau,
36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge
Road, Newbury, Berkshire
RG14 5SJ
V. Fenwick
Riverbank House, River Road,
Taplow, Maidenhead  SL6 0BG
A.P. Foster
23 The Dawneys, Crudwell,
Malmesbury, Wiltshire  SN16 9HE
S.L. Fowler
Nature Conservation Bureau,
36 Kingfisher Court, Hambridge
Road, Newbury, Berkshire
RG14 5SJ
A. Gale
Riverbank House, River Road,
Taplow, Maidenhead  SL6 0BG
Author
Address
Dr H.T. Gee
SGS Environment, Yorkshire
House, Chapel St., Liverpool
L3 9AG
M.J. Goodwin
RSK Environment, 47 West Street,
Dorking, Surrey  RH4 1BU
Dr M.I. Hill
SGS Environment, Yorkshire
House, Chapel St., Liverpool
L3 9AG
N.G. Hodgetts
JNCC, Monkstone House,
City Road, Peterborough  PE1 1JY
R.A. Irving
14 Brookland Way, Coldwaltham,
Pulborough, W. Sussex  RH20 1LT
A.W.G. John
Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for
Ocean Science, c/o Plymouth
Marine Laboratory, Citadel Hill,
Plymouth, Devon  PL1 2PB
R.G. Keddie
JNCC, Monkstone House,
City Road, Peterborough  PE1 1JY
K. Meakin
SGS Environment, Units 15 & 16,
Pebble Close, Amington,
Tamworth, Staffs.  B77 4RD
V.M. Morgan
2 Flaxen Walk, Warboys,
Huntingdon  PE17 2TR
M.S. Parsons 
3 Stanton Road, Raynes Park,
London  SW20 8RL
Dr M.G. Pawson
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries
and Food, Directorate of Fisheries
Research, Fisheries Laboratory,
Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk
NR33 OHT
Dr G.W. Potts
The Marine Biological Association
of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel
Hill, Plymouth  PL1 2PB
Dr R.E. Randall
Girton College, Huntingdon Road,
Cambridge  CB3 0JG
C.F. Robson
JNCC, Monkstone House,
City Road, Peterborough  PE1 1JY
Dr W.G. Sanderson
JNCC, Monkstone House,
City Road, Peterborough  PE1 1JY
D.A. Stroud
JNCC, Monkstone House,
City Road, Peterborough  PE1 1JY
S.E. Swaby
The Marine Biological Association
of the UK, The Laboratory, Citadel
Hill, Plymouth  PL1 2PB
Dr M.J.S. Swan
19 St. Judith’s Lane, Sawtry,
Huntingdon, Cambs.  PE17 5XE
M.L. Tasker
JNCC, Thistle House, 7 Thistle
Place, Aberdeen  AB1 1UZ
Dr C.E. Turtle
SGS Environment, Units 15 & 16,
Pebble Close, Amington,
Tamworth, Staffs.  B77 4RD
262
A.4  Contributing authors

Document Outline

  • Region 11 The Western Approaches
  • Chapter 1 Overview
    • 1.1 The Coastal Directories Project
    • 1.2 Introduction to the region
  • Chapter 2 Geology and physical environment
    • 2.1 Coastal geology
    • 2.2 Offshore geology
    • 2.3 Wind and water
    • 2.4 Sediment transport
    • 2.5 Sea-level rise and flooding
    • 2.6 Coastal landforms
  • Chapter 3 Terrestrial coastal habitats
    • 3.1 Cliffs and cliff-top vegetation
    • 3.2 Sand dunes
    • 3.3 Vegetated shingle structures and shorelines
    • 3.4 Coastal lagoons
    • 3.5 Wet grassland
    • 3.6 Saltmarsh
  • Chapter 4 Marine and estuarine environments
    • 4.1 Estuaries
    • 4.2 The sea bed
    • 4.3 Plankton
  • Chapter 5 Important species
    • 5.1 Terrestrial lower plants
    • 5.2 Flowering plants and ferns
    • 5.3 Land and freshwater invertebrates
    • 5.4 Rare sea-bed species
    • 5.5 Exploited sea-bed species
    • 5.6 Amphibians and reptiles
    • 5.7 Fish: exploited sea fish
    • 5.8 Fish: salmon, sea trout and eels
    • 5.9 Fish: other species
    • 5.10 Seabirds
    • 5.11 Other breeding birds
    • 5.12 Migrant and wintering waterfowl
    • 5.13 Land mammals
    • 5.14 Seals
    • 5.15 Whales, dolphins and porpoises
  • Chapter 6 History and archaeology
    • 6.1 Introduction
    • 6.2 History and archaeology
    • 6.3 Human activities
    • 6.4 Information sources
  • Chapter 7 Coastal protected sites
    • 7.1 Introduction
    • 7.2 Internationally designated sites
    • 7.3 Nationally designated sites
    • 7.4 Statutory sites
    • 7.5 Other types of protected site
  • Chapter 8 Land use, infrastructure and coastal defence
    • 8.1 Introduction
    • 8.2 Land use
    • 8.3 Infrastructure
    • 8.4 Coastal defence
  • Chapter 9 Human activities
    • 9.1 Fisheries
    • 9.2 Mariculture
    • 9.3 Quarrying and landfilling
    • 9.4 Marine aggregate extraction
    • 9.5 Oil and gas development
    • 9.6 Water quality and effluent discharges
    • 9.7 Leisure and tourism
  • Chapter 10 Coastal management
    • 10.1 Introduction
    • 10.2 National coastal initiatives
    • 10.3 Regional coastal management groups
  • Appendix
    • A1 Frequently cited contact names
    • A2 Local planning and port & harbour authorities
    • A3 Core reading list
    • A4 Contributing authors
  • Maps
    • Chapter 1
      • Map 1.1.1 Regions in the series
      • Map 1.2.1 Rivers, major towns and other coastal locations
      • Map 1.2.2 National grid 10 km x 10 km squares
    • Chapter 2
      • Map 2.1.1 Onshore coastal geology
      • Map 2.2.1 Sea-bed sediments
      • Map 2.2.2 Offshore Pleistocene deposits
      • Map 2.2.3 Offshore solid geology
      • Map 2.3.1 Hourly mean windspeed exceeded fpr 75% of time
      • Map 2.3.2 Hourly mean windspeed exceeded for 0.1% of time
      • Fig 2.3.1 Wind directions at Cardiff and on the Isles of Scilly
      • Map 2.3.3 Bathymetry
      • Map 2.3.4 Maximum tidal current speed at mean spring tides
      • Map 2.3.5 Tidal range at mean spring tides
      • Map 2.3.6 Significant wave height exceeded for 10% and 75% of year
      • Map 2.3.7 Mean surface water temperature
      • Map 2.3.8 Mean surface salinity of seawater
      • Map 2.4.1 Sediment transport and coastal cells
      • Map 2.5.1 Estimated rates of recent relative sea-level rise
      • Map 2.6.1 Major coastal landforms
    • Chapter 3
      • Map 3.1.1 Sea cliffs
      • Map 3.2.1 Sand dune sites
      • Map 3.3.1 Vegetated shingle structures and fringing shingle beaches
      • Map 3.4.1 Coastal lagoons and lagoon-like habitat
      • Map 3.5.1 Wet grassland sites
      • Map 3.6.1 Saltmarsh sites surveyed in NSS
    • Chapter 4
      • Map 4.1.1 Estuaries
      • Map 4.2.1 Locations of marine biological interest
      • Map 4.2.2 Littoral surveys on the MNCR
      • Map 4.2.3 Near-shore sublittoral surveys
      • Map 4.3.1 Plankton surveys, 'fronts' and water mixing state
      • Fig 4.3.1 Phytoplanton colour and copepod count
    • Chapter 5
      • Map 5.1.1 Lower plant sites
      • Map 5.2.1 Key localities for rare and scarce higher plants
      • Map 5.3.1 Numbers of rare invertebrates
      • Map 5.3.2 Numbers of scarce invertebrates
      • Map 5.4.1 Numbers of rare marine benthic species
      • Map 5.4.2 Numbers of scarce marine benthic species
      • Map 5.5.1 Distribution of lobster, crawfish and brown shimp
      • Map 5.5.2 Distribution of edible crab and spider crab
      • Map 5.5.3 Main inshore locations of mussels, cockles and native oysters
      • Map 5.5.4 Main locations of scallops
      • Map 5.6.1 Numbers of amphibians species
      • Map 5.6.2 Numbers of reptile species
      • Map 5.7.1 Mackerel wintering and spawning areas
      • Map 5.7.2 Pichard spawning areas
      • Map 5.7.3 Sprat spawning areas
      • Map 5.7.4 Cod, Dover sole and whiting spawning areas
      • Map 5.7.5 Plaice spawning areas
      • Map 5.7.6 Dover sole nursery coast and bass nursery areas
      • Map 5.8.1 Salmon and sea trout rivers
      • Map 5.9.1 Allis shad and twaite shad
      • Map 5.9.2 Lampern and sea lamprey
      • Map 5.10.1 Colonies holding at least 1% of any seabird population
      • Map 5.10.2 Importance of region for seabirds
      • Map 5.11.1 Number of breeding species indicative of wet grassland
      • Map 5.11.2 Number of breeding species indicative of dry grassland
      • Map 5.12.1 Distribution of wintering intertidal waterfowl
      • Fig 5.12.1 Species composition of non-breeding waterfowl assemblages
      • Map 5.13.1 Gretaer and lesser horseshoe bats
      • Map 5.14.1 Grey seal pup production
      • Map 5.15.1 Harbour porpoise
      • Map 5.15.2 Common dolphin
      • Map 5.15.3 Long-finned pilot whale
      • Map 5.15.4 Bottlenose dolphin
    • Chapter 6
      • Map 6.1.1 Archaeology
    • Chapter 7
      • Map 7.2.1 Coastal Biosphere, Ramsar, SPA, ESA and pSAC
      • Map 7.3.1 Coastal NNRs and SSSIs
      • Map 7.3.2 Coastal LNRs, AoSPsand MNRs
      • Map 7.3.3 Coastal AONBs, NPs and CPs
      • Map 7.4.1 Coastal GCR sites, SMAs and VMNRs
      • Map 7.4.2 Heritage coasts
      • Map 7.5.1 Coastal NT sites
      • Map 7.5.2 Other voluntary and private sites
    • Chapter 8
      • Map 8.2.1 Tilled land
      • Map 8.2.2 Pastures and short turf
      • Map 8.2.3 Meadows, verges and semi-natural swards
      • Map 8.2.4 Saltmarshes and sand dunes
      • Map 8.2.5 Coastal woodlands
      • Map 8.3.1 Urban areas
      • Map 8.3.2 Major industrial centres
      • Map 8.3.3 Ports and harbours
      • Map 8.4.1 Coastal defence works
    • Chapter 9
      • Map 9.1.1 MAFF-defined landing ports and SFCs
      • Map 9.2.1 Mariculture areas
      • Map 9.3.1 Coastal quarries
      • Map 9.3.2 Coastal plandfill sites
      • Map 9.4.1 Licenced marine aggregate dredging areas ('94)
      • Map 9.4.2 Sites licenced for the disposal of dredged material ('93)
      • Map 9.5.1 Oil and gas fields
      • Map 9.5.2 UK Continental shelf
      • Map 9.6.1 Bathing water quality
      • Map 9.6.2 Sewage and trade effluent outfalls
      • Map 9.7.1 Land-based leisure
      • Map 9.7.2 Coastal car parks and golf courses
      • Map 9.7.3 Water-based leisure
    • Chapter 10
      • Map 10.2.1 River catchment areas
  • Tables
    • Chapter 1
      • Table 1.1.1 Coastal Directories project management structure
      • Table 1.1.2 Titles and publication dates
      • Table 1.2.1 Main landscape and nature conservation designations
    • Chapter 2
      • Table 2.1.1 Geological column
    • Chapter 3
      • Table 3.1.1 Cliff and maritime cliff grassland resource
      • Table 3.1.2 Lengths (km) of cliff type
      • Table 3.2.1 Vegetated dune resource
      • Table 3.2.2 Areas (ha) of dune vegetation types
      • Table 3.2.3 Sand dune sites
      • Table 3.3.1 Area of vegetated shingle structures
      • Table 3.3.2 Surveyed shingle structures
      • Table 3.3.3 Fringing shingle beaches
      • Table 3.4.1 Lagoonal areas
      • Table 3.4.2 Lagoons surveyed
      • Table 3.5.1 Wet grassland sites
      • Table 3.6.1 Areas of saltmarsh communities
      • Table 3.6.2 Saltmarsh sites surveyed
      • Table 3.6.3 SSSIs containing saltmarsh
    • Chapter 4
      • Table 4.1.1 Estuaries in national context
      • Table 4.1.2 Physical characteristics of estuaries
      • Table 4.1.3 Human uses and water quality
      • Table 4.2.1 Locations of marine biological importance
      • Table 4.2.2 Marine subtidal communities around Lundy
      • Table 4.2.3 Sublittoral communities in the Bristol Channel
      • Table 4.2.4 Number of sites on the MNCR
      • Table 4.3.1 Details of surveys
    • Chapter 5
      • Table 5.1.1 Lower plant sites
      • Table 5.1.2 RDB lower plants
      • Table 5.2.1 Rare and scarce higher plants
      • Table 5.2.2 Rare and scarce plant localities
      • Table 5.2.3 Occurrence of protected species
      • Table 5.2.4 Occurrence of other RDB species
      • Table 5.3.1 Protected invertebrates species
      • Table 5.3.2 Coastal RDB species
      • Table 5.3.3 Sites important for invertebrate conservation
      • Table 5.4.1 'Nationally rare' and 'nationally scarce' marine benthic species
      • Table 5.5.1 Species names
      • Table 5.6.1 Protected status of amphibians and reptiles
      • Table 5.6.2 Records of amphibians and terrestrial reptiles
      • Table 5.6.3 Sites of importance for amphibians and reptiles
      • Table 5.7.1 Pelagic and demersal species
      • Table 5.7.2 MAFF/WO-designated bass nursery areas
      • Table 5.9.1 Scheduled species and protected status
      • Table 5.9.2 Sturgeon
      • Table 5.10.1 Importance of seabirds breeding in the region
      • Table 5.10.2 Recent counts of important seabird colonies
      • Table 5.10.3 Important locations for marine-wintering waterfowl
      • Table 5.11.1 Sites supporting at least 45 shelduck
      • Table 5.11.2 Densities of breeding waders on slatmarshes
      • Table 5.11.3 Numbers of pairs of territorial ringed plovers
      • Table 5.12.1 Waterfowl counts
      • Table 5.12.2 Overall densities of wintering waders
      • Table 5.12.3 Wintering waterfowl numbers on WeBS-surveyed wetlands
      • Table 5.13.1 Records of protected species distribution
      • Table 5.14.1 Grey seal pup production
      • Table 5.14.2 Estimated grey seal breeding figures
      • Table 5.15.1 Cetacean species
    • Chapter 6
      • Table 6.1.1 Key archaeological locations
      • Table 6.3.1 Numbers of SAMs
      • Table 6.3.2 Historic wrecks designated in the region
      • Table 6.4.1 NMR - MS records
    • Chapter 7
      • Table 7.1.1 Summary of site protection
      • Table 7.2.1 Biosphere Reserves
      • Table 7.2.2 Ramsar sites
      • Table 7.2.3 SPAs
      • Table 7.2.4 pSACs
      • Table 7.2.5 ESAa
      • Table 7.2.6 Biogenetic Reserves
      • Table 7.3.1 NNRs
      • Table 7.3.2 SSSIs
      • Table 7.3.3 LNRs
      • Table 7.3.4 Lundy MNR
      • Table 7.3.5 AoSPs
      • Table 7.3.6 AONBs
      • Table 7.3.7 NPs
      • Table 7.3.8 CPs
      • Table 7.4.1 GCR SILs
      • Table 7.4.2 Heritage Coasts
      • Table 7.4.3 SMAs
      • Table 7.4.4 VMNRs
      • Table 7.5.1 NT sites
      • Table 7.5.2 RSPB reserves
      • Table 7.5.3 Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust sites
      • Table 7.5.4 Wildlife Trusts sites
      • Table 7.5.5 MoD sites
      • Table 7.5.6 The Woodland Trust sites
    • Chapter 8
      • Table 8.2.1 Areas of significant woodland
      • Table 8.3.1 Main towns and cities
      • Table 8.3.2 Major industrial developements
      • Table 8.3.3 Ports and harbours
      • Table 8.3.4 Coastal power generating installations
      • Table 8.3.5 Schemes awarded contracts under the NFFO TRO
      • Table 8.4.1 Coast protection
      • Table 8.4.2 Condition of coast protection works
      • Table 8.4.3 Ownership of sea defences
      • Table 8.4.4 Lengths of coastal protection
      • Table 8.4.5 Lengths of protected and unprotected welsh coast 
    • Chapter 9
      • Table 9.1.1 Species group landings in '92
      • Table 9.1.2 Landings of all fish species
      • Table 9.1.3 Average catch of salmon and grilse and sea trout
      • Table 9.1.4 Pelagic species landings in '92
      • Table 9.1.5 Demersal species landings in '92
      • Table 9.1.6 Shellfish landings in '92
      • Table 9.1.7 Salmon and grilse and sea trout five-year average catch
      • Table 9.1.8 Regulating Orders
      • Table 9.2.1 Species cultivated
      • Table 9.2.2 several Orders
      • Table 9.3.1 Minerals production
      • Table 9.3.2 Numbers of coastal workings
      • Table 9.3.3 Coastal quarries
      • Table 9.3.4 Status of landfill sites
      • Table 9.4.1 Marine dredged aggregates
      • Table 9.4.2 Derdged material disposed of at sea in '93
      • Table 9.4.3 Marine dredged aggregate landed in '95
      • Table 9.4.4 Dredged material disposed of at sea in '92 and '93
      • Table 9.6.1 Trade and sewage outfalls
      • Table 9.6.2 Bathing waters survey: '94, '95
      • Table 9.6.3 Coastal sewage outfalls
      • Table 9.6.4 Trade effluent outfalls
      • Table 9.6.5 Beach quality
      • Table 9.7.1 Land-based leisure
      • Table 9.7.2 Water-based leisure
      • Table 9.7.3 Land- and water-based recreation sites on south Wales coast
      • Table 9.7.4 Known bedspaces in south Wales
      • Table 9.7.5 BASC affiliated clubs
    • Chapter 10
      • Table 10.2.1 SMPs
      • Table 10.2.2 LEAPs timetable
      • Table 10.3.1 Regional coastal management initiatives

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