Microsoft Word Socialized Choices 31-12 pod docx

Chapter 5 - The social origins of Dutch mothers’ gender values and ideal family life 
145 
Table 13. Bilateral (Pearson) correlations of dependent and independent variables 
 
1  2  3 4 5  6  7 
1.  General Gender 
Values 
1           
2.  Ideal 
Family 
Life 
.474*** 
1         
3.  Education .274*** 
.226*** 
1 
 
 
 
 
4.  Religiousness -.233*** 
-.164*** 
.041 
1      
5.  Partner -.049 
-.135*** 
.034 
.089 
1 
 
 
6.  Education reps’ 
mother 
.120*** .074* .275*** 
0.51 .035 
1 
 
7.  Age .014 
.035 
-.092** 
-.012 
-
.113*** 
-.273*** 1 
8.  Age square 
-.002 
.019 
-.099** 
-.003 
-
.114*** 
-.270*** .994*** 
9.  Message parents: 
work is a mean to 
earn money 
-.074* -.037 -.069* 
-.040 
-.002 
-.146*** 
.011 
10.  Message parents: 
caring for others is 
important 
-.033 -.081** .022 
.202*** 
.023 -.067* 
.117*** 
11.  Work oriented 
mother 
.131*** .144*** .117***  -
.122*** 
-.002 .137***  -
.113*** 
12.  Motivating 
partner  .167***  .135*** .184*** -.028 .148***  .074*  -.098** 
13.  Motivating teacher 
.004 
.075* 
.022 
.030 
-.037 
-.011 
-.021 
14.  Motivated at work 
.196*** 
.198*** 
.214*** 
-.020 
.013 
.010 
-.090** 
* p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001  
Table 13. (continued). Pearson correlations of dependent and independent variables 
 8 
9 
10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
8.Age square 
1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9. Message parents: work is 
a mean to earn money 
-.009 1     
 
 
 
10. Message parents: caring 
for others is important 
.121*** -.019  1 
 
 
 
 
11. Work oriented mother 
-.120*** 
-.026 
-.075** 
1 
 
 
 
12. Motivating partner 
-.102** 
-.054 
.043 
.078* 
1 
 
 
13. Motivating teacher 
-.016 
-.048 
-.011 
.007 
.017 
.1 
 
14. Motivated at work 
-.095** 
.076* 
.041 
.101** 
.294*** 
.104*** 
1 
* p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001  
5.8 Results 
Hypothesis 1:  
A mother’s personal ideal family life is based on her general gender values. 
The hypotheses are tested with three path models that included the main 
dependent variable, ideal family life, wherein general gender values functioned as 
a dependent and independent variable. Besides general gender values, the first 
model only includes control variables: education, age, religiousness and presence 
of a partner. In support of the first hypothesis, I found that a mother’s ideal family 
life is strongly correlated with her general gender values: the more egalitarian her 

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Socialized Choices - Labour Market Behaviour of Dutch Mothers 
146 
general gender values are, the more egalitarian her personal ideal family life (beta 
.400) (table 14).  
In addition to her general gender values, some of the control variables also 
relate to a mother’s ideal family life. A higher education corresponds with a more 
egalitarian personal ideal gender division of labour. As expected, the presence of 
a partner is related to a more traditional personal ideal family life. The attendance 
of religious gatherings (religiousness) and age have no direct relationship with a 
mother’s ideal family life, although it is associated with her ideal family life 
indirectly via her general gender values. The relationship between age and ideal 
family and gender values is curvilinear: up till an age of 44, mothers’ attitudes 
become more egalitarian, but beyond that age they become more traditional 
again. Put differently, the cohort of mothers born in the mid-1960s tends to be the 
most egalitarian.  
Her general gender values, her educational level, her age and the presence of 
partner together explain 33 per cent of the variance of ideal family life. 
Table 14. Model 1: Structural path analysis of dependent variable Ideal family life 
and General gender values 
 
Egalitarian 
Ideal family life 
Egalitarian 
General gender values 
 Beta 
B 
(s.e.) 
Beta 
B (s.e.) 
1. 
General gender values 
.400 
2.165*** 
(.160) 
 
 
2. 
Education .105 
.058*** 
(.016) 
.283 .029 
*** 
(.003) 
3. 
Age .652 
.055 
** 
(.022) 
.965 .015 
** 
(.002) 
4. 
Age2  
-.634 
-.061* 
(.025) 
-.931 -.016 
** 
(.005) 
5. 
Partner present 
-.327 
-.240*** 
(.021) 
-.105 -.014 
** 
(.002) 
6. 
Religiousness n.s. n.s. -.163 
-.022 
*** 
(.004) 
Intercept  
.106 
(.464) 
 -.045 
(.104) 
Squared Multiple Corr. (R2) 
.331   .126   
Degrees of freedom 
3 
 
 
 
Bollen-stine bootstrap 
p =.001 
 
 
 
1. 
As independent and dependent variable general gender values, including control variables as 
independent variables.  
2. 
Beta: standardized regression coefficient.  
3. 
B: unstandardized regression coefficient. 
4. 
S.E.: standard error.  
5. 
*p<.05; ** p<.01; *** p<.001
 
 
6. 
Bollen-stine bootstrap is a measure for the goodness-of-fit in case of non normal data for a path 
model. Based on this outcome the model can be accepted.
 
7. 
Source: Amos analysis of merged data from questionnaires: ‘Politics and Values’, ‘Work and 
Schooling’, ‘Women and their social environment’, Liss Panel, Centerdata, University of 
Tilburg, November 2010. 

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