Stry of higher and secondary specialized education of the republic of uzbekistan termez state university

CHAPTER III MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SYSTEM OF CONSTRUCTION TERMINOLOGY IN THE UZBEK LANGUAGE

3.1. Structural characteristics and classification of construction terms in the Uzbek language

Uzbek construction terminology has in its lexical fund a lot of terms that appeared many centuries ago and at the present stage of development are not only updated, but also constantly replenished. This fund covers all terms related to the construction industry of mankind.

Simple building terms. In turn, such terms in a structural sense can be: simple root / non-derivative / and simple, formed with the help of affixes, i.e. derivatives.

Since the basic basis of the Uzbek language is made up of words that are a significant root / or basis /, this also applies to construction terminology. This is evidenced by the use of construction terms that have come down to us several centuries ago. These are, for example: uy - house, housing, "tom - roof, loy - liquid clay, sinch - frame, shift - ceiling, bel- shovel, tesha - kind of ax handle, yogoch - construction timber and many others.

In the system of building terminology, there are also such lexemes that are historically derivative / even complex /. But they are synchronously non-derivative. For example; the term tokcha "a niche that replaces shelves in residential buildings of the national type" contains a diminutive affix -cha. Despite this, the term tokcha is not currently divided into a root and an affix.

Such terms also include: kesak /kes + ak/ "lump, piece of dry clay", daznok /dazn/o/ + k / "closet, pantry, to`zgov / tuz + gov/ "fluff / for example, reeds /", kayragoch / qora ogoch / "karagach", etc.

Non-derivative terms are also partly borrowed, although they are derived or complex in the source language. For example, duradgor "joiner, carpenter", darcha 1) "small door that replaces a window", 2) "window", capcha "small scoop", etc.

Complex borrowings such as tarns / tar + nov / "gutter, drainpipe", chorraha / chor + raha / crossroads, chorpoya / chor -1-poya / "wooden bed, bunks, trestle bed", chordevor / chor - devor / "four walls", chorxari / chor + hari / "square", etc. Non-derivative terms also include international lexical units of the type: a) derivatives: designer, surveyor, seismologist, foreman, electrician, tenant, rationalization; b) complex: cubic meter, dredger, rain gauge, water supply, sawmill, etc.

I. Simple derived terms. These lexical units in all languages, including Uzbek, are formed by adding certain word-forming affixes to the stem of words. As part of the lexeme, the following significant parts of speech can act as a root or basis of derivative construction terms a) nouns: binokor/bino - building, room, construction/ "builder", b) bases of verbs: bostirma /from bostirmov;/ "1) canopy; 2) covered corridor", tutqich / from tutmoq/ "handle, handle / doors, windows, etc.

II. Complex construction terms. In addition to its own compound words, the Uzbek language also has such varieties as: 1) paired words, 2) reduplicate words, 3) hyphenated compound words, 4) compound words. In construction terminology, not all varieties of compound words function. In the composition of the Uzbek construction terminology, such lexical units occupy a rather large place. They are used in almost all thematic groups. But most often they serve to designate building materials, tools, parts of buildings and the names of professions: boshpana "shelter, shelter, shelter, dwelling, house", belkurak "iron shovel", qumtosh "sandstone", karvonsaroy "caravansaroy" and others. ;b) paired complex terms: hisob-kitob "calculation", etc.; c) complex hyphenated terms: poydevor-yostiv; "pillow-foundation" bo`yab-pardozlash "painting-finishing", etc.; d) complex abbreviated terms: vibrotaqsimlagich "vibrodistributor", gidroko`targich "hydraulic jack", vibronov "vibrohobot", etc.

As you can see, among the complex construction terms given above, there are no varieties of the type of reduplications. This is one of the features of construction terminology, which distinguishes it from the literary language.

III. Compound terms. In the construction terminological system, compound terms, which are also called phrase terms. They are very diverse in terms of the types of connection of components. The terms-phrases include the following: guldon-simon oyna "wave-like glass", sovuqqa chidamlilik "cold resistance", osma narvon "hanging ladder", gumbazsimon tom "dome-shaped roof", etc.

Now consider each of these types of terms from an educational point of view. Each language, along with the development of society, is constantly changing, developing and improving. With the demands of time, new words and terms appear in the language. Every word appears in the language in connection with the demand of life. This requirement is connected with the development of society / along with consciousness /. This requirement is not limited to the formation of new words to denote new objects or the borrowing of new words from other languages, but is the source of all innovations, the dynamics of all changes.

In a language, a word appears by the formation of new words or by borrowing from other languages. This feature, characteristic of the general literary language, directly applies to all terminological systems, in particular, the construction terminological system of the Uzbek language.

Construction terminology, like the vocabulary of the Uzbek language, has come a long way in development. Before reaching the modern level of development, significant changes took place in construction terminology, a large number of new and new terms appeared in its composition. For this reason, the above-considered structural types of words in the literary language are also inherent in the construction terminological system. The important thing is that in the object of our study, the morphological method of forming lexical units is the most active. All this shows that building terms are formed on the basis of the general patterns of word formation in the literary language. Of course, this does not mean that there is no difference between them. There is, of course, some difference in this respect. For example, individual passive word-forming elements of the literary language become more active in individual terminological systems, or vice versa.

Uzbek building terms are formed mainly in three ways /remember that in the general literary language there are five ways of word formation/:

1. Affixal.

2. Composite.

3.Semantic way.

1. Affixal way of forming building terms

Both in the literary language and in construction terminology, the affixal way of forming terms has its roots in the distant past. As a result, a lot of new terms began to appear in the terminological systems of the Uzbek language, in particular in construction terminology. Most of these terms were created by affixes of the Uzbek language. In particular, such affixes as -chi, -lik, -i /sh/, -ma, etc., It should be noted that in addition to the Uzbek affixes proper, affixes and affixoids of Persian-Tajik origin also participate in the formation of building terms. For example: -kash, -kor, -msh, -soz, -xona, etc. Now let's consider those affixes that are involved in the formation of building terms.

The formation of terms with an suffix -chi. In Uzbek building terminology, this affix is the most active. It , joining the terms relating to almost all terminological groups or other categories of words, forms terms with the meaning of the name of persons whose activities are related to construction: payvand + chi "welder", oyna + chi "glazier", tunuka + chi "tinsmith" , parma + chi "driller", randa + chi "planer", etc. It should be noted that the affix -chi can be attached and form terms: a) from root morphemes: loyiha + chi "designer", pardoz + chi "polisher", andava + chi "a person working with a trowel", qolip + chi "template maker" , hashar + chi "a person who came to hashar, a participant in hashar", etc. b) from derivative bases: buyurtma + chi "customer", bo`yoq + chi - painter, dyer, etc.

It should be noted that the affix -chi can also be attached to international stems, For example: beton-chi "concrete worker", kesson -chi "caisson worker", kran -chi "crane operator", rom-chi "window-frame carpenter". The examples given once again confirm the increased activity of the affix -chi at the present stage of development of the Uzbek literary language.

It is important to note that the affix -chi shows its productivity especially in those cases when it forms terms from international stems: For example: montaj + chi "installer", parket - chi "parquet", ekskavator - chi "excavator", pardoz - chi "puttyer", pol + chi "master of flooring", kran - chi "crane operator", etc.

2. Formation of terms with the affix -vchi. In the grammars of the Uzbek language -vchi is not considered as an independent affix. However, from the work of R. Daniyarov it becomes clear that due to regularity and great activity, he acquires independence along with the affix -chi. This can be said with the example of construction terminology.

The affix -vchi / with variants -ovchi, -uvchi/ in construction terminology mainly forms terms with the meaning of the owner of a profession related to construction: boshkar + uvchi "manager" shibbala -ovchi "rammer", sozla -vchi "adjuster" , taxla + vchi "folding", etc.

One of the features of the -vchi affix is that it can also form terms from compound words. For example: gisht ter + uvchi "mason", tosh ter + uvchi "road bridger", yer qaz - uvchi "digger", etc.

3. Formation of terms with the affix -lik. The affix -lik is the most productive and active affix not only in the common Uzbek language, but also in all terminological systems of the Uzbek language. He retains his productivity in the field of construction terminology. Through it, terms can be formed denoting:

a) trade, occupation, profession or industry related to construction. For example: binokor + lik: 1) profession or occupation of a builder; 2) construction; 3) construction business (binokorlik ishlari - construction business); uysoz + lik: 1) profession or occupation of a builder; 2) housing construction; 3) house-building business; o`ymakor + lik: profession of a carver, engraver, oidovchi + lik: profession or occupation of a whitewasher, painter, etc.

b) property, quality, feature of building materials: mo`rt + lik "fragility, brittleness", egiluvchan + lik "elasticity" yopishqoq – lik "stickiness, stickiness", bardoshli + lik "hardness", etc.

The formation of terms by the affix -chilik.

As it is known, the formation of complex affixes is developed in the Uzbek language. In this respect, the postpositive affix -lik plays an important role. So, with its help, such complex affixes as -chilik, -ganlik, -doshlik, -dorlik, etc. were formed in the Uzbek language.

It should be noted that in the object of our study, building terms are especially often formed with the help of a complex affix -chilik.

In the Uzbek construction terminology, the affix -chilik, joining the bases denoting certain concepts that relate to construction, forms new construction terms in most cases with two meanings. For example: memor + chilik: 1) architecture, architecture, building art; 2) profession of an architect.

The formation of terms by the affix -/i/sh. Although in the linguistic literature this affix is considered as formative, in terminological systems it serves as a means of forming terms with the meaning of process, action, type of work. It, like the affix -lik, is very productive in building terminology. This affix, i.e. -/i/sh, forms terms from the following roots and stems:

1. 
   from non-derivatives: sep + ish "spraying", ter + ish "treasure" tesh - ish "punching", making a hole", "perforating", kes - ish "cutting, trimming", o`y + ish "hollowing, gouging", yo`n + ish "hewing, planing", qo`y + ish "casting, casting", kert + ish "notching, cutting", etc.
   
2. 
   from the basis of the imperative mood ending in the formative affix -a: qayr + a + sh "turning, sharpening, sharpening", ul + a + sh "connection, binding, connection",
   

to`sh + a + sh bedding", additional qopl + a + sh coating, etc.

3. 
   from non-derivative stems, in the postpositive of which there is a pledge affix: quri + l + ish "construction, construction", pish + ir + ish "obligation", yot + qiz + ish "paving, off, breathing", quri + t + ish " drying, drying", to`ldir + ish "filling", etc.
   
4. 
   from derived bases. In this case, the affix -i/sh/ can be added, firstly, directly to the stem, which has no form indicators (tikla+sh "building, construction, erection", ohakla + sh "liming", maydala – sh "grinding", tahla + sh "folding", etc. ), secondly, to the base, which has a pledge index (oqar + tir - ish "whitewashing", yaltira + t + ish "polishing", namla + n + ish "moisturizing", etc.).
   

Now we turn to the consideration of construction terms that are complex in structure. Both in the literary language and in the object of our study, complex terms are divided into the following according to the structure: 1) proper complex; 2) compound; 3) paired complex; 4) compound terms (abbreviations).

A) Actually complex terms.

In the object of our study there is a sufficient number of complex terms. Before proceeding to the analysis of grammatical and other features of complex terms, we considered it necessary to study their genetic basis. The materials show that the Uzbek complex building terms genetically are:

1. 
   Complex, consisting of primordially Uzbek (common Turkic) foundations: qamish kapa "reed yurt", bosh yostiq (literal head-po-dugaka), "a short log or burnt brick, which is placed under the crossbar, a beam from the side of the wall", tosh yo`nuvchi "stone cutter", boshpa - na (literal head + cover, shelter) "shelter, shelter, shelter, dwelling, house", qoramoy (lit., black + oil) "resin", qayroqtosh (lit., bar + stone) "whetstone", etc.
   
2. 
   Complicated, consisting of a combination of Uzbek and Persian-Tajik foundations: g`isht ko`prik (literal brick + bridge) "brick bridge", kesak devor "wall of dry clay lump", burchak yog`och (literal corner + wood) " corner bar, etc.
   
3. 
   3. Complicated, the components of which consist of Uzbek, Arabic and Persian-Tajik bases: oshiq-moshiq "hinge for doors, windows, etc.", davragumbaz "round dome", etc.
   
4. 
   Complicated, the components of which consist of tracing words of the Russian language: loy qorg`ich "clay mixer", tunukatom "iron roof", shishapaxta "glass wool", toshmaydalagich "stone crusher", gulqog`oz "wallpaper", ohaktosh "limestone", etc.
   
5. 
   Complicated, one of the components of which is Uzbek (common Turkic), and the other Russian-international basis: beton-qorg`ich "concrete mixer", elektr payvand "electric welding", boshplan "general plan", ohakbeton "lime-concrete", ko`pik beton "foam concrete", sementtosh "cement stone", gazquvur "gas pipeline", bo`yoq cho`tka "brush for painting", simcho`tka "wire brush", metalshibba "metal rammer", etc.
   
6. 
   Complicated, both components of which are Russian-international: shlakbeton "slag concrete", kubmetr "cubic meter", gaz-beton "aerated concrete", keramzitbeton "expanded concrete".
   
7. 
   Complicated, both components of which are Persian-Tajik: karvonsaroy "caravanserai", "inn", pillapoya 1. "step", 2. "staircase (in the house)", paxsadevor "adobe wall ", and etc.
   

Complex terms are diverse in terms of the participation of parts of speech in them, which is typical for the literary language and other terminological systems, including construction terminology. In the formation of syllable terms, nominal frequent speeches most often appear. But, it should be noted that in this case there may be distinctive features. For example, if in formed by a combination of a numeral with a noun (uchburchak, turtburchak, etc.), then in the object of our study, such terms occupy an insignificant place.

So, Uzbek complex building terms can be formed by combining:

1. 
   Noun with a noun. This type of formation of single terms is the most productive not only in the literary language, but also in the object of our study. Here are some examples: belkurak "useful shovel", sim arqon "wire rope", qumtosh "sandstone", zambilg`altak "wheelbarrow", marmartosh "marble", loy-suvoq "clay plaster", qumsuvoq "plaster with sand" , qo`larra "hand saw", toshko`mir "coal", yog`ochmix "wood nail", 'bo`yracho`p "piece of reed from a mat", etc.
   
2. 
   Adjective with a noun: qorasuvoq "primary plaster", soztuproq "loess", oschara (one of the types of building material), xomqolip "model, sketch", xomsuvoq "primary plaster", qoradevor "a wall molded from large clods of earth and clay", etc. etc.
   
3. 
   Numeral with a noun: uchoyoq "tripod", uchburchak "triangle (used when laying bricks)", to`rtburchak "quadrilateral (one of the types of carving,) etc.
   
4. 
   Noun with verbal forms (participle and gerund): toshkesar 1. "stone-cutter", 2. "pot-carver", g`isht teruvchi "mason", devor urish "wall laying", etc.
   
5. 
   Verbal forms with nouns: turarjoy 1. "apartment, hmlye, residence", 2. "residential house", uy-joy "yailoy house", tarashkapcha "small scoop for hewing, scraping, cleaning, etc.
   
6. 
   Adverbs with nouns: tepasinch "upper frame", orayopma "overlapping", tagsinch "nikny frame", etc.
   

B) Compound terms

The modern Uzbek literary language, in particular its terminological systems, at this stage of development are enriched due to one of the types of composition. In Russian linguistic literature they are called compound words. Here is what N.M. Shansky and A.N. Tikhonov write about this type of words in their work: compound words are formed, which are no longer divided by composition into morphemes, but into complex components that have self-contained structural and grammatical formulations. Compound words are very similar to combinations of the word being defined with an application, however, they are clearly and definitely distinguished by the presence of one, and not two, main stresses, the absence of syntactic relations between their constituent parts, and their inherent semantic value.

The above-considered extralinguistic factors accompanied the increase in the number of such terms also in the Uzbek building terminological system. This can be confirmed as follows. It is known that due to the rapid pace of development of construction, it began to be equipped with the latest technology. Therefore, it is not enough for today's builder to master one profession. Now he is required to master two or more professions. In addition, the tool must now perform several operations. This led to the appearance in the language of terms like bolg`a-tesha. betrays the denoting one, who at the same time splits the brick and immediately polishes it: bolg`a-tesha "hammer-axe".

For these reasons, terms such as quruvchi-duradgor "builder-carpenter", plan-scheme, block-apartment, pistolet-purkagich "spray gun" and many others appeared in Uzbek construction terminology.

The characteristic features of complex building terms are the following:

1. 
   both components consist of non-producible bases: loyixa-smeta "project-estimate", gips-qamish (slab) "gypsum reed (slab)", yog`och-metall (sleepers) "wooden-metal (sleepers)".
   
2. 
   one of the components is non-derivative, and the other is derivative: injener-quruv + chi "civil engineer", plita-to`sha + ma "slab-flooring", slesar-montaj + chi "fitter-fitter", qolip + chi- duradgor "molder-carpenter".
   
3. 
   both components consist of derived bases: quruv + chi-bo`yoq + chi "builder-dyer", suvoq + chi-pardoz + chi "plasterer-finisher", beton + chi-ish + chi "concrete worker", etc.
   

C) Complex pair terms

It is known that pair words specific to the Uzbek language and terms serve to express a general meaning. There are a sufficient number of complex pair terms in construction terminology, which denote the names of buildings, buildings and their parts, building materials, work process, etc. For example: uy-joy "dwelling, dwelling, apartment, house", g`isht-tosh "brick-stone", qulf-kalit (lit. lock + key) "one of the ways of laying bricks", lak-bo`yoq "lacquer", yog`och-taxta "timber" and many others.

D) Compound terms (abbreviations).

Compound abbreviated terms also play an important role in the development and improvement of modern construction terminology of the Uzbek language, i.e. abbreviations. Such terms are a new phenomenon for the Uzbek language. It should be noted that in the object of our study, abbreviations denoting construction organizations are mainly used. It should be noted that abbreviated terms also include terms whose first component consists of abbreviated international stems. These are, for example: vibroelak "vibrating sieve", avtoranda "auto-plane", pnevmobolg`a "pneumohammer" and many others.