Grammatical form and meaning

Conclusion
The subject of a sentence is a person or thing that performs the action of the verb.
Subject pronouns are used to replace the subject (person or thing) of a verb.
We do NOT normally say:

• 
  John is tall and John is intelligent.
  

Saying the word "John" twice is repetitive and does not sound natural.
We replace the Subject (John) that appears the second time with a subject pronoun to avoid repetition (and in this case to avoid saying the name John again.)
So we would say:

• 
  John is tall and he is intelligent.
  

We replace the second "John" with the Subject Pronoun "He".

What are the subject pronouns in English?

These are the subject pronouns we use in English

Subject Pronoun	Singular or Plural - Who?	Masculine or Feminine
I	Singular - first person	masculine or feminine
You	Singular - second person	masculine or feminine
He	Singular - third person	only masculine
She	Singular - third person	only feminine
It	Singular - third person	object / thing / animal
We	Plural - first person	masculine or feminine
You	Plural - second person	masculine or feminine
They	Plural - third person	masculine or feminine

When do you use IT?

IT is normally used when we refer to objects, things, animals or ideas (and not normally people).

• 
  The dog is big. It is also hairy. (It = the dog)
  
• 
  My bed is small but it is comfortable. (It = my bed)
  

Sometimes when we don't know the sex of a baby (we don't know if it is a boy or girl), then we can use IT.

• 
  Their baby is very small. It only weighs 2 kilos. (It = the baby.)
  

We use IT when we talk about the time, weather or temperature.

• 
  It is five o'clock (= the time is five o'clock)
  
• 
  It is cold today. (= the weather is cold today.)
  
• 
  It is 30º outside right now. (= the temperature is 30º outside right now)
  

REFERENCES

• 
  Ágel, V., L. Eichinger, H.-W. Eroms, P. Hellwig, H. Heringer, and H. Lobin (eds.) 2003/6. Dependency and valency: An International Handbook of Contemporary Research. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
  
• 
  Barry, A. 1998. English Grammar: Language as Human Behavior. Upper Saddle River, NJ.: Prentice Hall.
  
• 
  Biber, D. et al. 1999. Longman Grammar of spoken and written English. Essex, England: Pearson Education limited.
  
• 
  Collins Cobuild English Grammar 1995. London: HarperCollins Publishers.
  
• 
  Comrie, Bernard (1981, 2nd ed. 1989) Language Universals and Linguistic Typology. University of Chicago Press.
  
• 
  Conner, J. 1968. A Grammar of Standard English. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  
• 
  Fergusson, R. and M. Manser 1998. The Macmillan Guide to English Grammar. London: Macmillan.
  
• 
  Hale, K.; Keyser, J. (2002). "Prolegomena to a theory of argument structure", Linguistic Inquiry Monograph, 39, MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  
• 
  Jurafsky, D. and J. Martin 2000. Speech and Language Processing: An introduction to natural language processing, computational linguistics, and speech recognition. New Delhi, India: Pearson Education.
  
• 
  Mikkelsen, L. 2005. Copular clauses: Specification, predication, and equation. Linguistics Today 85. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  
• 
  Moro, A. 1997. The raising of predicates. Predicative noun phrases and the theory of clause structure, Cambridge Studies in Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
  

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