JEL Classification:
G21; E44; O33
1. Introduction
In recent years, new technologies, such as the internet finance, Blockchain, artificial
intelligence, and 5G, have continued to penetrate the finance, which forms the Fintech.
In 2017, the Financial Stability Board (FSB) proposed that Fintech can create new busi-
ness models, applications, processes, or products, which will have an impact on finan-
cial markets, financial institutions, or the way in which financial services are provided
(
FSB Financial Stability Board
). The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision believes
that international Fintech is mainly active in four areas: payment and settlement, deposits
and loans and capital raising, investment management, and financial market infrastructure.
It has created a variety of financial products and financial services such as digital currency,
equity crowdfunding, Robo-Advisors, and customer identity authentication. The potential
impact of Fintech on the financial industry is mainly reflected in financial stability and
access to services. Fintech may bring profound changes, but it will also bring significant
regulatory challenges (
Philippon 2015
). Faced with the rapid development of financial
technology and potential risks, all countries are actively exploring their own regulatory
methods. At present, there are three main regulatory models in the world. Countries
represented by the United States mainly implement restrictive supervision models, and the
direction of supervision is mainly stable; countries represented by China adopt an inclusive
supervision model and adopt a passive, development-oriented supervision model; The
experimental models represented by the United Kingdom, such as the regulatory sandbox
and the newly established framework model, are also called smart regulation or regulatory
Risks
2021
,
9
, 99. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks9050099
https://www.mdpi.com/journal/risks
Risks
2021
,
9
, 99
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technology. Moreover, Fintech has the dual characteristics of both technology and finance,
which may have a greater impact on the risk behaviors of commercial banks. The stability
of banks is also affected by the progress of information technology and the competitive
pressure of Fintech companies, and banks need to review their competitive advantage to
adapt to the new reality (
Jakšiˇc and Matej 2019
). On the one hand, from the perspective
of technology, the new technology can reduce the cost of searching information (such as
Internet search), improve the quality and speed of information acquisition (such as big
data analysis), and use cryptography to build trust mechanisms (such as Blockchain) to
improve the risk management level of banks. On the other hand, from a competitive point
of view, the technology giant (Big Techs), with its lax regulatory and technological advan-
tages, enters bank business, and eroded bank profits leading to increase banks risk-taking
level. In order to cope with the dual challenges of technology and competition, more and
more banks have either strengthened their strategic cooperation with technology giants or
increased the investment layout of Fintech. From 2018 to 2020, the People’s Bank of China
established a number of financial technology companies to lead the industry. As the central
bank’s layout and planning in Fintech have a role as a weather vane, major domestic banking
financial institutions have also accelerated the strategic deployment of financial technology.
It will lead to widen the gap in Fintech strength. Moreover, technological innovation has
created a “winner-take-all” banking market structure to increase the vulnerability of small and
medium banks (
Guellec and Paunov 2017
;
Schumpeter 1912
). At this time, Fintech presents
the ‘creative destruction’ phenomenon described by
Schumpeter
(
1912
).
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