Coşar Çelik, S. (2016). Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart on Page and on Screen.
Humanitas,
4(8), 15-30
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movie adaptations. A typical reaction of a fanatic reader always focuses on the
changes made in the adaptation because regarding “the adaptation of novels the
essential process is excision of one kind or other: either a paring down or the
surgery that removes whole sections, subplots and sets of characters”
(McFarlane, 2007, p. 24). In short story adaptations however, the reverse can be
observed.
Adaptations of short stories are as popular as novel adaptations. A brief online
search will reveal myriad of both professional and amateur ventures regarding
short story adaptations. Generic features of short stories differ from longer
fictional narratives in the way that stories generally present a single event with
limited characters and perspectives. Adapting a short story may thus prove more
difficult considering the length of the narrative and the economy of details,
which is why the adapters “have had to expand their source material
considerably” (Hutcheon, 2006, p. 19). A need arises here to touch briefly on
Ernest Hemingway’s famous ‘iceberg principle,’ which can explain extraneous
additions of the filmmaker when putting a short tale to the screen. Hemingway
explains the iceberg principle in the following way:
If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things
that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a
feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The
dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above
water (as cited in Scofield, 2006, p. 140).
The iceberg principle is used as a metaphor to describle the visible and latent
contents of fictional works. In no other literary prose genre has the iceberg
principle become so influential as it has been, and still is, in short stories. It fits
especially the genre of the short story because its generic features entail
conciseness. Hence, short story writers do not necessarily give every tiny detail
regarding narrative elements such as characterization, plot formation, setting
etc. Instead, the attentive reader is expected to play a major role in filling up
what is left untold by the author. Beyond doubt, such stories are prone to be
interpreted in numerous different ways. If movie adaptations of literary texts are
taken as interpretations, then what is beneath the tip of the iceberg could be re-
interperted by the filmmaker in diverse different ways because, as Hutcheon
states “adapters are first interpreters and then creators” (2006, p. 18). This is
exactly what happens in the short movie adaptation of Poe’s The Tell-Tale
Heart, directed by Jules Dassin in 1941, to which we will return in detail later
on. Yet, at this critical point emerges one of the hotly debated concerns of
adaptation studies: possibility of remaining true to the original text. How
exactly this concern causes a furore among passionate readers (and most of the
time among students of literature, too) incites us to discuss in a nutshell fidelity
criticism and its implications:
Recall any conversation with someone who has seen the movie version of a book
you’ve read. You’ll talk (usually angrily) about the scenes that were cut, the
changes made, and the ridiculous casting. The discussion focusses on how the
Coşar Çelik, S. (2016). Edgar Allan Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart on Page and on Screen.
Humanitas,
4(8), 15-30
21
film and the print text are different, and this is where students begin and end
their analysis (Golden, 2007, p. 24).
It is true that only rarely does an adaptation of a literary classic fulfill the
expectations of ardent readers. Yet, as many scholars writing on film and
literature reiterate, fidelity criticism is today considered unsatisfying, facile and
outdated in adaptation studies (Hutcheon, 2006; McFarlane, 2007; Golden,
2007). It is not incumbent upon the filmic rendition to strictly stick to the
literary original, given the fact that the adaptation version is a brand new work
in itself, not a replica of the adapted work. Also, remaining perfectly true to the
original work is the next thing to impossibility because, as Hutcheon reminds,
“adaptations are often compared to translations. Just as there is no such thing as
a literal translation, there can be no literal adaptation” (2006, p. 16). Even
though the illustrious ‘based on’ notices that appear before the opening scene of
adaptations serve to pay tribute to the adapted work, the notice itself is prone to
ambivalent interpretations: “The seeming simplicity of the familiar label, ‘based
on a true story,’ is a ruse: in reality, such historical adaptations are as complex
as historiography itself” (Hutcheon, 2006, p. 18). As a matter of fact, the based
on notice could itself be fictitious as in the case of Fargo —an American
comedy/crime movie by the Coen Brothers (1996) and its recently adapted TV
series (2014). Hence, a movie presented with a ‘based on’ notice is not
necessarily based on what it claims to base itself on. When seen through a
postmodern lens, such ambivalences encourage one to question the so-called
uniqueness and universality of ‘truth.’
Instead of the fidelity approach, Hutcheon suggests that adaptations should be
evaluated based on the filmmakers’ ability and creativity to constitute an
autonomous work (2006, p. 20). Golden, too, suggests that fidelity criticism
should not be the only criterian to appraise literary adaptations. Instead, he
writes, “[i]n every English class, I teach students about the literary, cinematic,
and theatrical elements of film” (2007, p. 25). Golden further details cinematic
elements as “the shot type, angle, camera movement, editing, and so on” and
theatrical elements as “costumes, props, sets, lightning and acting choice”
(2007, p. 25). These might prove useful to teach basics of film terminology; yet,
for literature classes, what matter most are the representations of literary
elements such as “characterization, theme, tone, setting, symbol and so on”
(2007, p. 25). As mentioned earlier, the most common inclination in literature
classes and among bookworms is to discuss the similarities and differences
between the textual narrative (the source text) and the screen narrative (the
adaptation). There is nothing wrong with this as long as it is done in such a way
that the artistic value of neither film nor text would surpass one another. Also,
elaborating on why and how the changes occurged in each medium of art may
prove more useful. The rest of this article will hence examine in detail Edgar
Allan Poe’s The Tell-Tale Heart both on page and on screen. To this end, the
following brief section will first introduce the story as a textual narrative, which
will be helpful for the evaluation of its movie adaptation as a screen narrative.
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