vi o lence
and fear in urban, rural, and sub -
ur ban schools (Willerton, 1995). Riley
chal lenged the na tion to cre ate new “rites
of pas sage” for youth threat ened by a cul -
ture that too often glam or izes vi o lence.
By ex ploit ing the po ten tial of pos i tive de -
vel op men tal path ways through pro grams
like Stockton’s “Rites of Pas sage,"- adults
are re dis cov er ing the im por tance of di -
rect ing chil dren’s in nate re sil ient abil i ties
through prosocial rit u als that guide a
young person's sense of possibility and
responsibility.
Ref er ences
Boys and Girls Club, Inc. (1998). Rites of
pas sage. Stockton, CA.
Delaney, C. (1995). Rites of pas sage in
ad o les cence. Ad o les cence, 30(120),
891—897.
Gar ri son, K. (1988, win ter). Ed u cated rites of
pas sage. School Safety. pp 10—Il.
Harvey, A., & Rauch, 5. (1997). A
com pre hen sive Africentric rites of pas sage
pro gram for black male ad o les cents, Health
and So cial Work, 22(l), 30—37.
Howell, I. (1998).Youth gangs: An over view,
Ju ve nile Jus tice Bul le tin. wash ing ton, DC:
U.S. De part ment of Jus tice, Of fice of Jus tice
Pro grams, Of fice of Ju ve nile Jus tice and
De lin quency Prevention.
Huizinga, D., Loeber, K.. & Thoroberry, T.
(Eds.) (1993). Urban de lin quency and
sub stance abuse: Tech ni cal Re port.
wash ing ton, DC: U.S. De part ment oflustice,
Of fice of Jus tice Pro grams, Of fice of
Ju ve nile Jus tice and De lin quency Prevention.
Kelly, B., Loeber, K., Keenan, K., &
DeLamatre, M. (1997). Detelnpmenlal
path ways in boys dis rup tive and de lin quent
be hav ior. Wash ing ton, DC: U.S.
De part ment of jus tice, Of fice of Jus tice
Pro grams, Of fice of Ju ve nile Jus tice and
De lin quency Prevention.
Loeber, R. (1990). De vel op men tal and risk
fac tors of ju ve nile an ti so cial be hav ior and
de lin quency, Clin i cal Psy chol ogy Re view,
10(l), 41.
Loeber, R., & Sebmaling, K. (1985). Em pir i cal
ev i dence for oven and co vert pattenis of
an ti so cial con duct prob lems. Jour nal of
Ab nor mal child Psy chol ogy, 13, 337—352.
Myerhoff, B., Camino, L., & Turner. E. (1987).
Rites of pas sage. The En cy clo pe dia of
Re li gion. New York: Macmillan.
Nirode, J. (1997, October10). Fam ily blames
gang rile in slay ing, Co lum bus Dis patch.
Parker, T. (1995). The vi o lence of our lives:
In ter views with Amer i can mur der ers. New
York: Hensy Hole.
Turner. V. (1969). The rit ual pro cess. Ithaca,
NY: Comell Uni ver sity Press.
U.S. De part ment of Ed u ca tion. (1998), Early
warn ing, timely re sponse: A guide ro safe
schools. Wash ing ton, DC: Au thor.
van Gennep, A. (1960). The rites of pas sage.
Chi cago: Uni ver sity of Chi cago Press.
Venable, S. (1997). Ad o les cent rites of pas sage:
An ex per i men tal model. Jour nal of
Experirnental Ed u ca tion, 20(l), 6—13.
Wartield-Coppock, N. (1992). The rites of
pas sage move ment: A re sur gence of Af ri can
cen tered prac tices for so cial iz ing Amer i can
youth. Jour nal of Negro Ed u ca tion, 61,
471—481.
Willerton, S. (1995, Jan u ary 30). Riley to sa lute
,math Olympians as sec ond an nual state of
Amer i can ed u ca tion speech, Wash ing ton,
DC: U.S. De part ment of Education
This fea ture: Gar ri son, Ron (1998) De vel -
op men tal Path ways as Rites of Pas sage.
Reach ing To day's Youth. Vol.3 no.1
pp.33-36
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Background: high risk infants,
orphans and their care organizations
Fos ter fam i lies, or phan ages and other
set tings are re spon si ble for infants and
chil dren with out ef fi cient parenting. 7 mil -
lion of the total 143.000.000 or phans
glob ally are in fants and tod dlers at high
risk for crip pled so cial, emo tional and cog -
ni tive life span de vel op ment. Their NGOs
or pub lic care givers have tight bud gets, lit -
tle local po lit i cal sup port, and their jobs
are often low sta tus with little or no ac -
cess to care ed u ca tion and su per vi sion.
Or phan ages and fos ter fam i lies often
work from prin ci ples of care or ga ni za tion
that are harm ful to child development, as
seen in former Romanian orphanages.
I’m a Dan ish-Amer i can child psy chol o -
gist spe cial ized in de vel op ing or ga ni za tions
work ing with chil dren suf fer ing from early
de pri va tion, loss and mal treat ment. In
2005 I pub lished “Se vere At tach ment Dis -
or der in Child hood”, which spurred vis its
to uni ver si ties, or phan ages and fos ter fam -
i lies in Latin Amer ica, Can ada, the US and
Eu rope. After this tour my con clu sion
about em pow er ing care givers was this:
What they need is not nec es sar ily only
more money or staff, they are mostly
highly mo ti vated but need ac cess to ed u -
ca tion and ideas for de vel op ing their
organizations in order to provide quality
care.
My idea was cre at ing a handy tool for
de vel op ment: let’s unite child de vel op -
ment sci en tists, child care giv ers and their
lead ers, and de ci sion mak ers in a joint
ven ture to de sign at tach ment based ed u -
ca tion and qual ity care so cial sys tems.
Make it on line and in peo ple’s local lan -
guage, with their own video
dem on stra tions of qual ity care. Let par tic i -
pants be ac tive co-de sign ers of their local
prac tices by in clud ing di a logue based plan -
ning. All I had was not a dime and a firm
belief in what people can do together.
So I de signed 15 ses sions for staffs (or
fos ter fam i lies) and their daily lead ers (or
fos ter fam ily man ag ers) cov er ing meth ods
for learn ing basic child brain stim u la tion,
at tach ment the ory, so cial re la tions, in di -
vid ual and group iden tity de vel op ment,
31
CYC-Online July 2011 / Issue 149
Fair Start for you:
a Free Online Education
and Development
Program
For res i den tial place ment and or phan care work ers.
In al most any lan guage
Niels P. Rygaard