Jip 4 At-sea monitoring of surface dispersant effectiveness
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- Figure 1 The three primary at-sea response techniques for responding to a surface oil spill
| The global oil and gas industry association for environmental and social issues 14th Floor, City Tower, 40 Basinghall Street, London EC2V 5DE, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)20 7633 2388 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 7633 2389 E-mail: info@ipieca.org Internet: www.ipieca.org International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
14th Floor, City Tower, 40 Basinghall Street, London EC2V 5DE, United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)20 3763 9700 Facsimile: +44 (0)20 3763 9701 E-mail: reception@iogp.org Internet: www.iogp.org Brussels office Boulevard du Souverain 165, 4th Floor, B-1160 Brussels, Belgium Telephone: +32 (0)2 566 9150 Facsimile: +32 (0)2 566 9159 E-mail: reception@iogp.org Internet: www.iogp.org © IPIECA-IOGP 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior consent of IPIECA/IOGP. i At-sea monitoring of surface dispersant effectiveness
IPIECA-IOGP Oil Spill Response Joint Industry Project ii Contents About this report In response to the Deepwater Horizon incident at the Macondo Prospect off the Gulf of Mexico in April 2010, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) formed the Global Industry Response Group (GIRG). This Group was tasked with identifying ways to prevent the recurrence of such an incident and to identify learning opportunities both with respect to the cause of, and response to, the incident. Part of this effort involved the formation of a subgroup on Oil Spill Response (OSR). This group was comprised of nominees from IOGP member companies, from the IPIECA Oil Spill Working Group (OSWG), from Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL), and from other industry organizations, associations and spill response cooperatives, as appropriate. The IOGP GIRG-OSR task force reported on its findings to both the IOGP Management Committee and the IPIECA Executive Committee at a joint session in February 2011. While certain actions recommended by the GIRG-OSR report fell within the remit of existing organizations, it was recognized that the most efficient way to execute the resultant work was for the industry to establish a limited duration Joint Industry Project (JIP), governed by the funding companies. This report addresses Finding 4 of the IOGP Global Industry Response Group (GIRG) report which outlines the principles of regulations concerning dispersants and their use. Introduction 1 Factors determining the effectiveness of dispersant 3 Composition of the dispersant product 3 Sea states 3 Salinity 3 Oil type and its physical properties 3 Testing the effectiveness of dispersant 5
Operational monitoring 9
Planning considerations 14
Conclusions and recommendations 16 References and further reading 17 1 At-sea monitoring of surface dispersant effectiveness Introduction The use of dispersants is one of several possible at-sea response techniques used to combat an oil spill. Dispersant application can be a useful way of minimizing the overall impact of a spill incident by removing oil from the sea’s surface, preventing it from reaching coastal habitats and shorelines, protecting worker safety, and enhancing the natural biodegradation processes that ultimately break down the oil and disperse it into the environment. Like all techniques in the response toolkit, dispersant use has some limitations, but it also has capabilities that make it particularly useful in responding to larger oil spills at sea. Deployment of any technique in the response toolkit should aim to minimize the damage that could be caused by spilled oil if no response is undertaken. The decision concerning which response techniques may be the most appropriate should be based on a net environmental benefit analysis (NEBA), i.e. choosing the response techniques that are likely to result in the least overall ecological and socio-economic damage. Further information on this process is given in the IPIECA-IOGP Good Practice Guide on NEBA (IPIECA-IOGP, 2015). containment and recovery dispersant spraying
controlled burn
Figure 1 The three primary at-sea response techniques for responding to a surface oil spill The goal of surface oil spill response is to remove the floating oil, sometimes transferring it to another, less sensitive and/or less populated environmental compartment, in order to reduce the potential damage. The three primary at-sea response techniques are shown in Figure 1 and listed below: l Mechanical containment of spilled oil with floating barriers (booms) and collection using recovery devices (skimmers): recovered oil is stored for subsequent processing or disposal. l Controlled (or in-situ) burning: oil is corralled using fire-resistant booms and ignited. Controlled burning converts the floating oil into airborne combustion products (primarily carbon dioxide and water vapour with relatively small amounts of soot and other gases) which are rapidly diluted in the air. l Dispersant use: transfers the floating oil into the upper water column (typically less than 10 metres depth) as very small droplets with maximum diameters of 0.05 to 0.1mm (50 to 100 microns) or less. These dispersed oil droplets are rapidly diluted to low concentrations in Yüklə 143,73 Kb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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