M. A. Newton Sexual Trauma, Psychosis, and Betrayal in Antonia White’s
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2 The Faraway Nearby. New York: Viking, 2013.3. Print. 3 Qtd. in Leigh Gilmore’s ‘Bastard Testimony’. The Limits of Autobiography. NY: Cornell, 2001. 63. Print. 4 This period is situated between the dissolution of the Oedipus complex following the phallic phase (around age five or six) and puberty. It is a period that transitions the young child from unconscious sexual desires for its parents to socio-cultural identifications with the parents as a result of an intensified repression of the earlier years to the point of complete forgetfulness. This period also marks the onset of sublimations in which a previous sexual aim is redirected to seemingly non-sexual activities, but which themselves symbolise the sexual aim, e.g., artistic creations. However, the Oedipus complex is revived at the onset of puberty, at which point the young girl transfers her unconscious sexual desires for her father into a similar love object-choice who will become her husband. A problem arises if that young girl does not make this shift because her unconscious sexual desires for her father have not been surmounted. 5 My understanding of the word psychosis that informs Chapter One is taken from the DSM-IV definition in narrow and broad terms, as noted by Onno Van der Hart et al. in The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Traumatisation (2006), based on Pierre Janet’s earlier observations: ‘psychotic symptoms include delusions and prominent hallucinations, with hallucinations occurring in the absence of insight into their pathological nature. A less restrictive definition of psychosis includes prominent hallucinations that the individual recognises as hallucinatory experiences. A definition that is still broader includes positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviors.… Most studies are not clear on whether such psychotic symptoms or disorders have a dissociative basis or not. We propose that in most traumatised patients, these symptoms are indicative of structural dissociation’ (119-120). 6 I write autobiographical fiction in place of autobiographical novels in this instance because White also wrote a short story that describes her descent into psychosis. In general, I prefer to use the term autobiographical fiction as a reference to that genre instead of autobiographical novel, a term that Philippe Lejeune uses in On Autobiography (1989). 7 White’s protagonist’s name in Frost in May is Nanda. She changes the name to Clara in the following autobiographical novels. The identity, however, is the same. 8 I use the term ‘authenticity’ with regard to the question of authorial narrative reliability in telling an objective truth. I do not use the term ‘truth telling’ (Gilmore 25) or ‘claims to truth’ (Eakin 20) as alternatives because these terms focus on the conscious decision to lie while making a claim to truth in autobiographical narratives. I base the term authenticity on how Sidonie Smith and Julia Watson in Reading Autobiography: A Guide for Interpreting Life Narratives (2010) interpret the context in which it should be framed. They do not disagree that distinguishing between truth and lying is not a consideration, about which I agree, but they also stretch the term beyond addressing simple objective truth: ‘How does the narrator authenticate certain truth claims or justify writing and publicising a personal story? What kinds of authority does that evidence carry? That of personal memory? Dreams? Religious visitations? The testimony of others?’ (242). 9 I agree that Lacan fits into this category to a point, but I would argue that he straddles formalist, structuralist, and post-structuralist ideas because, as in the former two movements, Lacan did advocate for a scientific analyses of texts. 10 I do not intend to go into a philosophical discussion of the nature of being, but as a mere point of reference, my intent here aligns itself with the views of Søren Kierkegaard, who, in Johannes Climacus (1842/1985), addresses the nature of scepticism as a quality that can only lead in one direction: to a devaluation of meaning in one’s life. I would add that a devaluation of meaning in other’s lives leads in the same direction. 11 It is not my intention to personally attack Catholicism as a despotic patriarchal authority more so than any other such religious organisation. It just so happens that the Catholic Church was a major influence in White’s life. 12 In 1980, the American Psychiatric Association (APA) added PTSD to the third edition of its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III). That being said, it isn’t the first time that severe psychological reactions to an event, like war, have been identified. Terms like shell-shock, shock theory, and war neuroses have been around since WWI, e.g. in Sigmund Freud’s Beyond the Pleasure Principle (1920) and Karl Abraham, Sándor Ferenczi, Ernst Simmel and Ernest Jones’s paper, Psychoanalysis and the War Neuroses (1921). According to the fourth edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)(1), ‘Diagnostic criteria for PTSD include a history of exposure to a traumatic event that is actual or threatened meeting two criteria and symptoms from each of three symptom clusters: intrusive recollections, avoidant/numbing symptoms, and hyper-arousal symptoms. A fifth criterion concerns duration of symptoms and a sixth assesses functioning’ (National Center for PTSD, par. 2). 13 I mention this scenario briefly here because I return to Frost in May in more depth in Chapter Three in my analysis of larger socio-cultural issues with regard to sexual transgression, Freud’s incest barrier, and Catholic tenets on sexuality. 14 I use this term, which is similar to the term contradiction, to suggest that beyond being just a contradiction, there is a problem in determining Freud’s theoretical truths when presented with two incompatible views that only serve to create doubt in either theory. 15 In a diary entry dated 26 July, 1932, under the heading, ‘A Revision of the Oedipus Complex’ in Yüklə 0,51 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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