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Appendix II: Ramaj Details
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- 8.3Appendix III: Dodawali Details
- 8.4Appendix IV: Alwar Village Details
8.2Appendix II: Ramaj DetailsRamaj Village is a revenue village179 in Udaipur District located 48 km South-East of Udaipur city. It lies in Suron Ka Guda zone of the Girwa Block. Ramaj comprises of 197 households divided among nine hamlets, belonging to the Rawat caste. The village is divided into nine hamlets. These are Ringna fala (14)180, Upla fala (26), Kanjda fala (36), Kheda fala(50), Lali Talai(10), Mataji Fala (16), Rupa Talai (12), Kala Khet (15) and Mahudi Rel (16). The terrain of the village is dominated by undulating lands with little vegetation. Agriculture represented the primary source of livelihood for the villagers until recently. Land fragmentation (with the average landholding standing at two hectares and 91% of farmers considered “small and marginal”) and long spells of drought has increased the reliance of people on wage labour migration to make up for the deficit in food security. The low economic security of many households in the village and has increased the dependency on seasonal migration and wage labour. Around 150 men migrate out of the village for wage labour for eight months a year on an average. The inhabitants typically cultivate maize, wheat, pulses, and small patches of vegetables around houses, the majority of which serves the household’s consumption, selling only a small amount of the crops. Seva Mandir has been involved in conduction and development interventions in Ramaj in the areas of Watershed Development and Village Institutions for over 20 years181. In 1990 Seva Mandir undertook development of a Khatedari Chak (private land development) but the community were unable to manage and protect it properly and it turned out to be a failure182. This brought about a halt in development interventions in the village. Subsequently a new Village Development Committee was formed and the committee along with the villagers was re-oriented and challenged to excel. In next few years, they developed one pastureland and six private chaks covering an area of 64 hectares183. Direct seed sowing of Ratanjot (Jatropha) have been done on trenches and 11650 plants have been planted in the pastureland and private chaks. This resulted in significant increase in fodder productivity of these lands that helped these families overcome the fodder crisis that was prevalent all over the region during recent droughts. 8.3Appendix III: Dodawali DetailsDodawali village is located 28 km away from the city of Udaipur in Girwa tehsil184 and falls under the Udaipur district of Rajasthan. The village is located in the Aravali hills and creates a unique topography and physical features. The land is undulating in nature; rocky, mostly barren marked by scarcity of rainfall, forest cover and presence of sedimentary rock. The houses are in close proximity with each other and the village is divided into 12 hamlets. Dodawali is a middle-size tribal village in terms of population and there are nearly 500 households and about 3500 people residing in the 12 hamlets of the village. Revenue records show that the village of Dodawali has about 1222 ha out of which forest covers 285 ha, revenue land 460 ha, pasture land 101 ha and private land 585 ha185. The forest area in Dodawali it is located on the Mutta Gatta hills and is being managed by the Ubeshvar Forest Department. The forest area is not being protected and is laid open to grazing and collection of timber, this has resulted in a serious decline in the overall vegetation of the forest. In addition to the continuous over-exploitation of the forest land, there have been serious drought problems over the last 10 years, due to the lack of rain fall. Large parts of the forest have thereby turned into barren lands, with only very little vegetation186. Three plots of land, 50ha each, has been turned into JFM sites, under the guidance of Seva Mandir, as an attempt to improve the vegetation and to prevent further degradation and soil erosion. In Dodawali some hamlets like Nichli Gowadi, Talai Ghati, Lamba Davda have private fodder land. The villagers from poor households generally work on these fields as labour for Rs 100 per day in cutting the fodder. Generally poor households are belonging to low caste and thus are subordinated from use of basic resource like fodder. The village panchayat has very little pasture land and that is also encroached upon.
The periphery of Sariska is inside the actual reserve forest, although on the outskirts of the core areas. The buffer zone functions as a natural border, surrounding Sariska on all sides, for humans, animals and flora alike. The total area of the district is approximately 7,665.37 km² (roughly 2.5% of the total area of the state), of which the ‘net area sown’ constitutes 64.9% and ‘uncultivable land’ 21.3%. The remainder consists of ‘forest’ (3.2%), ‘fallow land’ (5.8%), ‘permanent pastures’ (3.2%) and ‘culturable waste’ (1.7%). As per the Census of India 1991, the Land use pattern in Alwar district is as follows:
Water sources:
The female illiteracy in all the three villages is very high, ranging from 80-87% while the male illiteracy is usually around 40-50%. This reflects the lack of social status the women carry outside the household as well as the general lack of education facilities in the area. But it also reflects the general poverty in the villages, where only a few can afford to send their children to school instead of having them work in the fields or herding the livestock. Although, education have become much more available in the rural areas over the last 10-15 years and much of the school education is paid by the central government, as well as the understanding of the importance of education, many cannot afford to lose the workforce of their children. Village Livelihood: Production of a household consists mostly of milk and milk products (ghee, yogurt, buttermilk and mava (milk-cake). Most of these products are used for own consumption, and for consumption of the lambs and kids, but surplus is sold in the market. The main source of income however is the sale of male lambs. Household expenditure is on wheat, tea, sugar, and other food commodities, alongside other essential items such as supplementary livestock feed, medicines for humans and animals and clothing. Main income is the sale of the male lambs, whereas they aim at maintaining the females for future reproduction. All species of livestock are kept on a system of open range grazing along with stall feeding. .
1 http://www.mapsofindia.com/india-economy.html 2 Brazil, Russia, India, China South Africa 3 A Common Story – In the Rain Shadow of Green Revolution, Foundation for Ecological security, 2010 4 http://www.censusindia.gov.in 5 A Common Story – In the Rain Shadow of Green Revolution, Foundation for Ecological security, 2010 6 A Common Story – In the Rain Shadow of Green Revolution, Foundation for Ecological security, 2010 7 A Common Story – In the Rain Shadow of Green Revolution, Foundation for Ecological security, 2010 8 A Common Story – In the Rain Shadow of Green Revolution, Foundation for Ecological security, 2010 9 India - Alleviating poverty through forest development, World Bank, 2000 10 CPRs are land resources managed by a local community, rather than controlled by governments, or owned by individuals. "Rural common property resources are broadly defined as, resources towards which all members of an identifiable community have inalienable user rights. In the Indian context CPRs include Community Pastures, Community Forests, Government Wastelands, Common Dumping and Threshing Grounds, Watershed Drainages, Village Ponds and Rivers etc. The first three resources are particularly important because of their large area and their contribution to people's sustenance. (Jodha) 11 Decolonizing the Commons, S.N. Bhise; 2004 12 India Unlocking Opportunities for Forest-Dependent People in India, World Bank, 2005 13 India Unlocking Opportunities for Forest-Dependent People in India, World Bank, 2005 14 Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples And Protected Areas, Stevens; De Lacy, 1997 15 India Unlocking Opportunities for Forest-Dependent People in India, World Bank, 2005 16 India Unlocking Opportunities for Forest-Dependent People in India, World Bank, 2005 17 Decolonizing the Commons, S.N. Bhise; 2004 18 Conservation Through Cultural Survival: Indigenous Peoples And Protected Areas, Stevens; De Lacy, 1997 19 India Unlocking Opportunities for Forest-Dependent People in India, World Bank, 2005 20 India Unlocking Opportunities for Forest-Dependent People in India, World Bank, 2005 21 Tribal Land Rights in India, C.Ashokvardhan, Center for Rural Studies, Mussoorie, 2006 22 Tribal Land Rights in India, C.Ashokvardhan, Center for Rural Studies, Mussoorie, 2006 23 The Waste Land, Nandita Roy, 2003 24 Decolonizing the Commons, S.N. Bhise; 2004 25 Sustainable Management of Pasture and Rangelands, Stuth; Maraschin, 2000 26 de Vaus:2001:236 27 de Vaus.2001:223 28 The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty Two years after, Feeny; Berkes; McCay; Acheson, 1990 29 The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty Two years after, Feeny; Berkes; McCay; Acheson, 1990 30 Layder, Derek (1998). Sociological practice –linking theory and social research, London: Sage Publications Ltd.,, p.150-153. 31 The tribal population of Udaipur district. 32 The Forest Land Ownership & Entitlement Study, Vivek Vyas, Seva Mandir, 2006 33 The Forest Land Ownership & Entitlement Study, Vivek Vyas, Seva Mandir, 2006 34 (http://www.riksbank.se/en/The-Riksbank/Economics-prize) Ostrom holds a Distinguished Professor at Indiana University and is the Arthur F. Bentley Professor of Political Science and Co-Director of the Workshop in Political Theory and Policy Analysis at Indiana University in Bloomington, as well as Research Professor and the Founding Director of the Center for the Study of Institutional Diversity at Arizona State University in Tempe. (http://elinorostrom.indiana.edu) 35 Ostrom, Elinor, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 36 A relation of mutual dependence or action or influence. 37 The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty Two years after, Feeny; Berkes; McCay; Acheson, 1990 39 Tragedy of the Commons, R. De Young, 1999 40 The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty Two years after, Feeny; Berkes; McCay; Acheson, 1990 41 Tragedy of the Commons, R. De Young, 1999 42 Design Principles for Global Commons, P. Stern, 1992 43 Design Principles for Global Commons, P. Stern, 1992 44 Design Principles for Global Commons, P. Stern, 1992 45 Design Principles for Global Commons, P. Stern, 1992 46 Alfred North Whitehead, Science and the Modern World 47 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, p 1244. 49 Reformulating the Commons, E. Ostrom, 2000 50 Reformulating the Commons, E. Ostrom, 2000 51 Reformulating the Commons, E. Ostrom, 2000 54 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 55 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 56 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, Utah State University, 1968 57 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, p. 1244 58 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, Utah State University, 1968 59 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, Utah State University, 1968 60 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, Utah State University, 1968 61 Tragedy of the Commons, De Young, 1999. 62 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, Utah State University, 1968 63 Questioning the Assumptions of the ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ Model of Fisheries, 1996 64 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 65 A pure public good is indicated by its non-consumptive nature and all benefit from its maintenance even if they do not contribute, e.g. weather forecasts. 66 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 67 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 68 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 69 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 70 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 71 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, Utah State University, 1968 72 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, Utah State University, 1968 73 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 74 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, p. 1246 75 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, Utah State University, 1968 76 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, p. 1248 77 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, Utah State University, 1968 78 Tragedy of the Commons, De Young, 1999. 79 Tragedy of the Commons, De Young, 1999. 80 Property Rights: Cooperation, conflict and law, T. Lee Anderson, 2003 81 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 82 Common Property Economics: A general theory and land use applications, Glenn G. Stevenson, 1991 83 The Tragedy of the Commons, G. Hardin, Utah State University, 1968 84 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 85 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 (Ibid) 86 Robert Wade; Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1987 87 Robert Wade; Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1987 88 Robert Wade; Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1987 89 Robert Wade; Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1987 90 Robert Wade; Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1987 91 Robert Wade; Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1987 92 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 93 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 (Ibid) 94 The Drama of the Commons, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 95 The Drama of the Commons, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 96 The Drama of the Commons, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 97 The Drama of the Commons, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 98 The Drama of the Commons, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 99 The Drama of the Commons, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 100 The Drama of the Commons, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 101 The Drama of the Commons, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 102 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 (Ibid) 103 Robert Wade; Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1987 104 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 (Ibid) 105 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 (Ibid) 106 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 (Ibid) 107 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 (Ibid) 108 The struggle to Govern the Commons, T. Dietz, E. Ostrom, P. Stern, SCIENCE vol. 302, 2003 (Ibid) 109 What alpine peasants have in common: Observations on communal tenure in a Swiss village, 1976 110 The Drama of the Commons, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 111 The Drama of the Commons, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 112 The Drama of the Commons, p.15, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 113 The Drama of the Commons, p.16, T. Dietz; N. Dolsak; E. Ostrom; P. Stern, National Academy Press, 2001 114 Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action, E. Ostrom, Cambridge University Press, 1990. 115 http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/rajgovt 116 http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/rajgovt 117 http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/rajgovt/misc/statehistory.html 118 http://www.rajasthan.gov.in/rajgovt 119 Geomorphic Significance in the environmental problems of the Rajasthan desert, India, Surendra Singh; Bimal Ghose, CAZRI, Jodhpur, 1980 120 http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ 121 http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ 122 http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ 123 Depletion of Common Property Resources in India – Micro-level evidence, N. S. Jodha, 1989 124 The management of common property resources, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Robert Wade, 1987 126 Rural Common Property Resources, N.S. Jodha, 1990 127 Rural Common Property Resources, N.S. Jodha, 1990 128 Common Property Resources and Rural Poor in Dry Regions of India, N.S. Jodha, 1986 129 Rural Common Property Resources, N.S. Jodha, 1990 130 Rural Common Property Resources, N.S. Jodha, 1990 131 Rural Common Property Resources, N.S. Jodha, 1990 132 Income mainly through CPR product collection. The estimation procedure underestimated the actual income derived from CPRs. (Jodha, 1986) 133 Rural Common Property Resources, N.S. Jodha, 1990 134 Rural Common Property Resources, N.S. Jodha, 1990 135 Rural Common Property Resources, N.S. Jodha, 1990 136 Geomorphic Significance in the environmental problems of the Rajasthan desert, India, Singh; Ghose, 1980 137 Geomorphic Significance in the environmental problems of the Rajasthan desert, India, Singh; Ghose, 1980 138 Sustainable Management of Pasture and Rangelands; Stuth & Maraschin; 2000 139 http://www.statisticstest.rajasthan.gov.in/socio_Udaipur.aspx 140 From 2066580 in 1999 to 2633312 in 2007 141 http://www.statisticstest.rajasthan.gov.in/socio_Udaipur.aspx 142 6th Comprehensive plan, Seva Mandir, 2009 143 6th Comprehensive plan; Seva Mandir; 2009 144 6th Comprehensive plan; Seva Mandir; 2009 145 6th Comprehensive plan, Seva Mandir, 2009 146 6th Comprehensive plan, Seva Mandir, 2009 147 6th Comprehensive plan, Seva Mandir, 2009 148 This cactus is commonly use for demarcation of land in the region, due to its hostile and resilient nature, its slightly poisonous juice and its quick growth. 149 Section within the village. Each village/Township is divided into a few Phallas, some up to 15. 150 Records of pasture- and wasteland 151 Decolonizing the Commons; S.N. Bhise; 2004. 152 Forest Protection Committee 153 Trends In Arid Zone Research In India, Kar, Garg, Singh & Kadhja, 2009 154 Trends In Arid Zone Research In India, Kar, Garg, Singh & Kadhja, 2009 155 Geomorphology is the scientific study of landforms and the processes that shape them. 156 A pediment is a gently inclined erosional surface carved into bedrock. It is thinly covered with fluvial gravel that has developed at the foot of mountains. 157 An alluvial plain is a relatively flat landform created by the deposition of sediment over a long period of time by one or more rivers coming from highland regions, from which alluvial soil forms. 158 Trends In Arid Zone Research In India, Kar, Garg, Singh & Kadhja, 2009 159 Trends In Arid Zone Research In India, Kar, Garg, Singh & Kadhja, 2009 160 Trends In Arid Zone Research In India, Kar, Garg, Singh & Kadhja, 2009 162 Trends In Arid Zone Research In India, Kar, Garg, Singh & Kadhja, 2009 163 Trends In Arid Zone Research In India, Kar, Garg, Singh & Kadhja, 2009 164 Trends In Arid Zone Research In India, Kar, Garg, Singh & Kadhja, 2009 165 Trends In Arid Zone Research In India, Kar, Garg, Singh & Kadhja, 2009 166 A sub-cast from the Indian-Pakistan region 167 Self Help Group 168 KRAPAVIS – This information have been gathered through the semi-structured interviews and conversations with farmers, elderly villagers and local NGO officials. 169 It informally agreed upon that, one person with one axe could take a certain amount of wood in one day. The tax for wood was set on this calculation. 170 The Sabat is another word for the Panchayat, found in other areas of Rajasthan. In the Alwar region the institution is called Gram Sabat and Ward Sabat. 171 National Sample Survey Organisation 172 173 National Sample Survey Organisation. 1999. “Common Property Resources in India.” NSS 54th Round January 1998-June 1998. 174 Seva Mandir and the Indian Department of Land Reforms. 2008. “Report of the Committee on State Agrarian Relations and the unfinished task of land reforms, sub-group VI.” 175 Decolonizing the Commons, S.N. Bhise; 2004 176 Gram panchayats are local self-governments at village or small town level in India with minimum population of 300. 177 Land, Community and Governance, Ballabh; Pankaj, Seva Mandir, 2004 178 This involves transfer of ownership from the revenue department records to the forest department records. 179 Revenue village is a small administrative division in India, which may consist of several hamlets. 180 Number in the parenthesis indicates the total number of households in the concerned hamlet. 181 Ramaj Village Notes, Seva Mandir, 2006, Udaipur. 182 Ramaj Village Notes, Seva Mandir, 2006, Udaipur 183 Ramaj Village Notes, Seva Mandir, 2006, Udaipur 184 A tehsil is a unit of government in Pakistan and India, similar to a county. It usually consists of one, or more towns, and the villages around the towns. 185 Dodawali Village Microplan; Seva Mandir - 2009-2011 186 Dodawali Village Microplan; Seva Mandir - 2009-2011 Yüklə 1,34 Mb. Dostları ilə paylaş:
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