83
Petersburg. Mining institute. In book: New ideas in science about the Earth.
– Publ. MGGA, Moscow.,1998, p.326. ( in Russian ).
Skornyakova N.S., Dispersed Iron and Manganese of the Pacific Ocean.
– Osadkonakoplenie v Thihom Okeane, Moscow, 1970, pp.159-202. (in
Russian).
Solodov N.A., The Main Types of Deposits of Rare Lithosphere
Metals and their Role in Mineral-raw Base - In book: Ores geochemistry
and geology of magmatic deposits. Мoscow, izd. Nauka, 1980, p. 43-61. (in
Russian).
Staritsina G.N., Tomanovskaya Ju.I., Tabunov S.M., Magmatic
Formations of the Basalt Fundament of the Pacific Ocean. – Leningrad.,
Nedra, 1986, p. 151. (in Russian).
Staritsky Ju.G., ( editor-in-chief) Explanatory Note to
Меtallogeny Map
of Russian Platform (1: 2 500 000), - VSEGEI, Лeningrad, 1987. (in
Russian).
Shcheglov A.D., Metallogy of Areas of Autonomy Activity. – Nedra,
Leningrad, 1968, p.180. ( in Russian ).
Shcheglov
A.D.,
Metallogeny
of
the Middle Massives.
-
Moscow.,Nedra, 1971, p.148. ( in Russian ).
Shcheglov A.D., Govorov I.N., Nonlinear Metallogeny and the Depth
of the Earth. - Мoscow, izd. Nauka, 1985, p. 328. ( in Russian ).
Shcheglov A.D., About Metallogeny of the South African Republic,
Genesis of Gold Ores Witwatersrand Deposits and Problem of Opening of
their Analogues in Russia. - St.-Petersburg., VSEGEI, 1994, p. 44. ( in
Russian ).
Sheinmann Ju.M., Essayis of Deep Geology.- М., Nedra, 1968, p. 231.
( in Russian ).
Shumilin M.V., Balance of World Manufacture and Resources of
Uranium. – Razvedka i
ochrana nedr, 1996, N 3, p. 10-11. ( in Russian ).
Toksoz M.N., Anderson D.L., Phase Velocities of Long-Period
Surface Waves and Structure of the Upper Mantle. – J. Geophis. Res., 1966,
vol. 71, N 6, pp.1649-1658.
Vasil’ev V.G., Kovalskiy V.V.,Cherskiy N.V., Origin of Diamonds. –
Nedra, Moscow, 1968, p.260 . ( in Russian ).
Verhogen J., Turner F., et al. The Earth Introduction to General
Geology. –Mir, 1974, Moscow, vol. 2, p.845. ( in Russian ).
Vernadsky V.I., History of the Earth’s Crust Minerals. – Selected
Works, Izdat. Acad. Nauk. USSR, vol.4, book 2, Мoscow, 1960, p. 956. (
in Russian ).
Worzel J.T., Continents Margin Structure and Development of
Oceanic Troughs. – Okrainy Kontinentov i OstrovnyeDugi,Moscow, 1970,
pp.289-302. ( in Russian )
84
Part 2.
DIAMONDIFEROUS EPOCHS OF KIMBERLITE MAGMATIS OF THE EARTH
Krutoyarskiy M.A. ( 2004 ) –
Independent
Consultant Geologist, U.S.Geological Survey;
International Academy of Natural and Social Sciences ( IANSS ), Moscow, Russia.
INTRODUCTION
At the compiling the "Metallogenic Map of Geodynamic Systems of the
Pulsating - Expanding Earth
”
( scale 1: 15, 000, 000 ), we had analyzed timing,
spatial, tеctonic and magmatic conditions of the formation kimberlite and
lamproite, enriched by diamonds (Krutoyarskiy et al.,, 2000). The data of ages an
alkaline-ultramafic and kimberlite magmatism was taken from Milashev (1994),
Erlich & Hausel (2002). The favorable epochs of kimberlite formation, enriched
with diamonds, was defined by Krutoyarskiy (2000). The morphology of
diamond’s crystals in kimberlite, that testifies about the facial condition of the
formation diamond deposits, were determined by Krutoyarskiy and Milashev
(1964). The newest data of the crystallization diamonds from gas mixture of
hydrogen and hydrocarbon in alkaline-ultramafic melts had been taken from the
works: Portnov (1982); Navon (1991); Hunt et al., (1992); Marakushev et al.,
(1995). The petrochemical conditions of diamondiferous kimberlite were elicited
by Milashev (1965, 1994). The hypothesis of primordial hydridic Earth had been
created by Larin (1980). The amount of the extracted diamonds from kimberlites
and placers on 2000 year and also their prospective reserves in the bowels of the
Earth are counted up by Krutoyarskiy, 2004. The conclusion was made that the
resources of diamonds grow from ancient epochs to more young. It is detected
that the epochs of formation deposits rich of lithophile terra-rare elements and
diamondiferous kimberlites coincided. It is caused by processes of the
transformation undepleted mantle into depleted, which passed to increasing the
thickness of upper mantle and formation the cratons. There are considered the
physical and chemical conditions of crystallization diamond from a mix of
hydrogen and hydrocarbons gases in the deep alkaline-ultramafic and kimberlite
melts. The zoning of distribution diamondiferous kimberlites within their
provinces is connected with the facial conditions of safety diamond’s crystals in
the primary sources. A new model of formation diamondiferous kimberlites of the
Earth is offered.
1. TIMING OF
DIAMONDIFEROUS KIMBERLITES AND LAMPROITES
It was determined that among the multiple (more than 15) epochs of alkaline-
ultramafic magmatism in the geological history of the Earth (Milashev, 1994;
Erlich, Hausel, 2002) the kimberlite deposits, enriched of diamonds, were dated
only for five epochs: middle (1500-1400 Ma) and late Proterozoic (1200-1000