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FIDIS 

Future of Identity in the Information Society (No. 507512)

 

D2.3 

  

[Final], Version: 2.0 

File: fidis-wp2-del2.3.models.doc 

Page 30 

 

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Union affiliation 

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Criminal records 

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Actions (liabilities) 

 

3.6.3 Application domains 

The application domains include the government, police and justice. 

3.6.4 Relevant standards 

The Global Justice Extensible Markup Language Data Model (Global JXDM) and Dictionary 

(Global JXDM) are the result of an effort by the justice and public safety community to 

produce a set of common, well-defined data elements to be used for data transmissions. 

For instance, it can be used for crime reporting, or to define an arrest warrant, and be 

exploited in the Information Systems used by policemen (for instance computer systems 

present in police cars). 

 

3.7 Preferences 

3.7.1 Description 

Many applications including IMS support preferences as expressed by the user. These 

preferences are mainly related to the interface e.g. font type, colour of the display, use of 

toolbars etc. Other preferences could be privacy preferences, for example, which are 

supported by a number of web browsers

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.  

 

3.7.2  Examples of attributes 

 

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Level of detail of the interface (simple or advanced) 

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Desired layout (colours, etc.) 

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Level of disclosure of personal information 

 

3.7.3 Application domains 

Preferences are used, for instance, in web and mobile applications, but they are also available 

for other applications including IMS of various types. Privacy preferences are implemented 

particularly in web browsers, allowing the comparison of the local policy with the policy of 

websites supporting the same standard, such as P3P

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.  

 

                                                 

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 See e.g. 

http://www.datenschutzzentrum.de/p3p/

 

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 See 

http://www.w3.org/P3P/

 

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FIDIS 

Future of Identity in the Information Society (No. 507512)

 

D2.3 

  

[Final], Version: 2.0 

File: fidis-wp2-del2.3.models.doc 

Page 31 

 

3.7.4  An example of preference in ubiquitous and mobile services 

The progressing evolution of technology allows the telecommunications and information 

services to provide omnipresent services and applications, which facilitate the users’ everyday 

activities. Ubiquitous services must overcome the limitations of time and space: must be 

accessible anytime and from any location. It is envisaged that ubiquitous services will become 

one of the main pillars that will support future telecommunications services. 

 

Ubiquitous services have the following characteristics:  

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Services are provided, or often triggered, based on physical conditions 

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Since services are invoked when such conditions are satisfied, services are aware of 

the real-world status and users situations 

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Services are offered without an explicit request from the user, because they are 

triggered automatically by the system and not by the user’s intention 

 

One of the main challenges of ubiquitous services is the capture (discovery and/or 

acquisition) and communication of profile data, commonly known by Capability

 

and 

Preference Information (CPI), in order to provide an adaptive response. Hence, the 

presentation of information must be adaptable to different users and user platforms, 

categorised by the following features: 

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Devices  

(PC, PDA, WAP Phone, WebTV, etc.) 

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Device capabilities  

(display size, memory size, network speed, etc.) 

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User preferences  

(desired layout, navigation patterns, etc.) 

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User browsing history 

 

In this context, some standards exist such as CC/PP (Composite Capabilities / Preferences 

Profile) proposed by W3C

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 and UAProf (User Agent Profil) proposed by the WAP (Wireless 

Access Protocol) forum. 

See the Annexe for a description of CC/PP UAProf. 

3.7.5 Relevant standards 

Relatively few specifications appear to exist related to the representation of users’ 

preferences, although in the domain of Mobile applications, CC/PP (Composite Capabilities / 

Preferences Profile) is utilised. 

                                                 

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 www.w3c.org 

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FIDIS 

Future of Identity in the Information Society (No. 507512)

 

D2.3 

  

[Final], Version: 2.0 

File: fidis-wp2-del2.3.models.doc 

Page 32 

 

For the comparison of a local privacy policy defined within an appropriate web browser with 

the privacy policy of a visited web site, P3P

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can be used. P3P is a standard provided by the 

W3C consortium. 

 

3.8 Competences 

3.8.1 Description 

Competency relates to all the capabilities of the person. It includes both the official 

competences that have been certified by a certifying institution (e.g. school, university, 

governmental bodies, etc.) such as a diploma, the competences that are testified by a certain 

amount of experiences in an area (job, life, etc.), and competences that are more implicit (for 

instance deriving from the interest of the person to a particular topic). 

3.8.2  Examples of attributes 

 

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Certified competences 

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Driving licences 

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Diplomas 

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Skills and know-how 

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Experiences 

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Job 

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Life 

 

3.8.3 Application domains 

The two main application domains that deal with competency information are education and 

work. In the first case, educational systems (e-learning systems) need to track and record the 

evolution of competence of the students. In particular, LMS (Learning Management Systems) 

usually maintain a model of the student that includes the different abilities of the students, as 

well as the different grades that these students obtained in different disciplines. More 

intelligent e-learning systems have also tried to exploit this information in order to provide 

more customised interaction (note: the more advanced systems not only try to use competency 

or preference information, but also cognitive characteristics such as learning style).  

In the second case, Enterprise management systems (and in particular Human Management 

Systems, or Knowledge Management Systems) are interested in managing people competency 

information for different companies’ processes, such as recruitment (some competences may 

be desirable or even required to be certified by a diploma), career management, and the 

management of the intellectual capital of the organisation (used for instance in the 

cartography of competence of organisations). 

Competence may also be managed in other application domains. For instance, a person may 

have to justify a driving license in order to drive a car, a bus or a truck. 

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