Microsoft Word fidis-wp2-de models doc

FIDIS 

Future of Identity in the Information Society (No. 507512)

 

D2.3 

  

[Final], Version: 2.0 

File: fidis-wp2-del2.3.models.doc 

Page 26 

 

For transporting of raw biometric data and templates, standards such as XCBF (OASIS XML 

Common Biometric Format) can be used. The International Committee for Information 

Technology Standards, a predominantly US organisation, is attempting to derive standards for 

interoperability (data exchange formats) for biometrics with M1

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, but is only one of several 

parallel organisations and initiatives (BioAPI, ISO SC37

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, BioFoundry x9.84 and others ..) 

deriving ‘standards’ for biometric information.. 

Finally, it is worth mentioning the representation of biometric information in JXDM (global 

Justice mark-up language), which can be used in a crime investigation context. 

3.4 Location 

3.4.1 Description 

The location refers to the geographical position of the person. This property can apply to the 

instant position of a person (typically the place in which a person is present at a particular 

moment and that can be given by e.g. Geo-location (GPS) coordinates,  or  even the 

geographical mapping of an IP number), or a more permanent position of this person 

(typically the living or working addresses of a person). 

3.4.2  Examples of attributes 

 

•

 

Address 

o

 

Home 

o

 

Work 

o

 

Leisure 

•

 

Geographical location (instantaneous) 

o

 

GPS coordinate 

o

 

IP location mapping 

 

3.4.3 Application domains 

The location of a person is used in a variety of application domains. For instance the instant 

coordinate of a person represents a major element in mobility applications. Indeed, this 

information can be exploited to offer services that are geographically close to the current 

position of a person. GPS can also be used to reveal some of the behavioural characteristics of 

a person (Mountain and Raper, 2000). 

Security and personalisation, in particular in e-commerce applications, can also make use of 

the geographical location of the person determined via IP address (albeit with not a very good 

level of reliability, because the table of IP addresses is not updated in real-time, and a range of 

IP address may be reallocated to users from a totally different region). In the first case, this 

                                                 

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 InterNational Committee for Information Technology Standards: M1 

http://www.ncits.org/tc_home/m1.htm

 

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 ISO SC 37 "Biometrics" data interchanged format. 

http://isotc.iso.org/livelink/livelink/fetch/2000/2122/327993/2262372/customview.html?func=ll&objId=2262372

 

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FIDIS 

Future of Identity in the Information Society (No. 507512)

 

D2.3 

  

[Final], Version: 2.0 

File: fidis-wp2-del2.3.models.doc 

Page 27 

 

information can help to identify some instances of fraud

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, and as a consequence, a payment 

with a credit card issued in a different country may not be accepted. In the second case, the 

knowledge of the IP address can help to determine the nationality of the person, and therefore 

result in an interaction that is aware of geographical characteristics (such as the language 

used). 

The permanent locations of a person (the addresses) represent an attribute that is present in 

many identity management applications since it represents one of the most important means 

to reach the person in the off-line world (via the mail). For instance, the address of the person 

will be used in an e-commerce application to deliver the physical goods that have been 

purchased by the person. 

3.4.4 Relevant standards 

Addresses 

We will not try to identify all the different specifications that define the address of a person 

since these are numerous. However we can mention the services and specification for which 

this information can be considered more important such as LDAP (directory services) or 

vCard (the digital business card). In the domain of commerce, CIQ (OASIS Customer 

Information Quality) together with xNAL (extensible Name and Address Language) provide a 

relatively detailed way to represent a person’s address. 

 

Geo-location 

The applications and specifications that represent the geo-location of the person are rarer, and 

often relate to mobility. However, surprisingly this information does not seem to be present in 

the mobility standards that are used for mobile devices such as CC/PP (Composite 

Capabilities / Preferences Profile) proposed by W3C and UAProf (User Agent Profile) 

proposed by the WAP (Wireless Access Protocol) forum (See the Annexe for a description of 

CC/PP and UAProf). These latest standards are mainly used to manage user preference 

information that is typically used to customise the mobile device. 

On the other hand, the Liberty Alliance developed a standard (ID-SIS-GL) that provides 

support for geo-location information representation (it defines a specialised schema to 

represent this information). This geo-location information includes the position of a principal, 

speed and direction related information, and information related to the quality of the position 

information. 

 

                                                 

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 A brochure from the company Quova, Inc. indicates that, “in 2004, LexisNexis studied over 100,000 

transactions executed by a major US online retailer, all with US credit card numbers. The study found that 75 

percent of the identified fraudulent orders with US billing addresses had been placed from overseas. 97.9% of all 

transactions originating in Africa and 74.8% of all transactions originating in Asia (including Russia) were 

fraud”. 

http://www.quova.com/technology/E-RET_FraudWP.pdf

 

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