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Footnotes 

1

 Nontraditional families include single-parent families and families where the 

parents are not married. The evidence summarized below shows that children raised in 

nontraditional families fare worse in many aspects of social and economic life. 

2

 Ventura and Bachrach, who use data from birth certificates, estimate that 

nonmarital childbearing is considerably higher then the number reported in this paper. In 

recent years, their estimate is approximately 10 percentage points higher than what we 

report here. However, their data does not contain much background information on the 

mothers, so it is less useful for the type of analysis that we want to perform. Hence we 

will use the more conservative estimate. 

3

 See, e.g., Mazumder and the other essays in Bowles, Gintis, and 

Osborne Groves. 

4

 See Trennert on The Phoenix Indian School, and Mayer on the oscillation of 

American policy between improving the material condition of the poor family and 

replacing it with surrogate institutions like orphanages and foster care. 

5

See Katz and Autor for a review of the evidence on skill-biased technological 

change. For international evidence, see Machin and Van Reenen. 

6

 See Figures A1 and A2 in our web appendix. Figures and tables that have a 

prefix “A” in the numbering are from the web appendix, which is available from 

http://jenni.uchicago.edu/Invest/. 

 

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