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131 
 
For the subject of all those objects the K.K.K. considers that £900 will be 
required per month.”
346
 
 
Nevertheless, because of the ‘close’ relations between the newly founded 
states of Turkish Republic and the Soviet Union, the activities of those anti-
Bolshevik or anti-Soviet groups were halted and its leaders were forced to leave 
Turkey or to keep in silence. 
 
C- Prométhée and the Amalgamation of Exiles: 
By the late 1920s, as a result of negative Turkish attitudes towards the 
Caucasian emigres and the death of Masaryk in Czechoslovakia, the Mountaineers 
began to search for a new safe heaven for their anti-Soviet independence 
movement. The atmosphere in Europe was favourable for the establishment of an 
anti-Bolshevik or Soviet front. Accordingly, the aforementioned Caucasian 
Independence Committee firstly moved to Paris in 1926. This allowed the 
establishment of close contacts between the members of the Committee and the 
Union of the Caucasian Mountaineers in Prague and the bulk of emigration who 
were living in Paris. 
Meanwhile, in May 1926 General Pilsudski came to the power in Poland. 
As Hostler stressed it, his official program was the political preparation for a 
possible war with the Soviets.
347
 He was aware of the importance of the anti-Soviet 
nationalist movements and accepted them as natural allies. He got a quick response 
from these groups and Russian emigres  turned their faces towards Poland. 
                                                 
346
 Caucasian Boundaries, [FO 371/11783]. 
347
 Charles Warren Hostler, 1993. The Turks of Central Asia, London: Preager, 124. 

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132 
 
Pilsudski, by allocating a considerable sum of money, strongly supported the 
activities of the emigres against the Bolshevik regime, which attracted émigré 
groups to Warsaw. And, with Polish financial support, the non-Slavic population of 
the former Russian Empire, except the Armenians, succeeded in setting up an 
overarching anti-Bolshevik political organization in 1926: the Prométhée.
348
 
The main contenders of all the anti-Bolshevik national parties of the 
revolutionary period in Russia took part in this newly established umbrella 
organization: Georgian Mensheviks, Azerbaijani ‘Musavat’, Crimean Tatars’ ‘Milli 
Fırka’, Turkistani ‘Milli Türkistan Birliği’ and the members of various North 
Caucasian and other non-Slavic groups.
349
 
The official publication of the Prométhée was its periodical Prométhée. The 
first issue of the Prométhée was published in November 1926 in Paris. In fact, 
beyond that the organization supplied the necessary financial means for the 
publication of several periodicals in different languages aimed at different 
nationalities. Among these were Trizub-Le Trident, Sakartvelo (Paris), İstiklâl and 
Kurtuluş (Berlin), Yaña Milli Yul (Berlin), Yaş Türkistan (Berlin-Paris), Volnoye 
Kazachestvo (Prague), Emel (Constanza), Severnyi Kavkaz-Şimali Kafkasya 
(Warsaw).
350
 
                                                 
348
 For Prométhée
 
see Etienne Copeaux 1997. “Prometeci Hareket,” Unutkan Tarih, Sovyet Sonrası 
Türkdili Alanı. In Semih Vaner, ed., İstanbul: Metis Yay., 17-52 and January-February 1993. 
“Promete Hareketi” Kırım, 2: 11-20. According to Muhlen Prométhée
 
was
 
set up in 1928 after a 
Caucasian freemasonry guild has moved from Warsaw to Paris. Patrik von zur Muhlen, 1984. 
Gamalıhaç ile Kızılyıldız Arasında:  İkinci Dünya Savaşı’nda Sovyet Doğu Halkları’nın 
Milliyetçiliği,trnsl. Eşref Bengi Özbilen, Ankara: Mavi Yayınları, 20-1. Hereafter Gamalıhaç ile 
Kızılyıldız Arasında. 
349
 Noy Jordaniya, Cafer Seydahmet, Osman Hoca, Mustafa Çokayoğlu, Ayaz İshaki, Said Shamil, 
Mehmed Emin Resulzade and Roman Smal-Stotskiy were the leading members of the Prométhée. 
However, Armenians, possibly because of the Turkish dominance refused to participate and 
cooperate. Muhlen, ibid., p. 20. 
350
 Copeaux, ‘Prometeci Hareket’, p. 29 and, Hostler, ibid., pp. 124-5. 

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133 
 
The  Prométhée functioned through the Promethean Club in Warsaw. This 
club also had branches in Paris, Helsinki, and other European capitals. All national 
communities and governments in exile were represented in meetings, discussions 
and the planning of the political and propaganda actions. Beyond all those more or 
less public work; 
“the most serious and important activity was restricted to inner circles of 
the governments in exile, national communities, and the special desk of the 
Polish general staff and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who formulated 
plans for a possible future war and activities in the territory of the Soviet 
Union.”
351
 
 
D- The Free Caucasian Mountaineers People Party: 
In Prométhée, each national group functioned through their own national 
centers. In a way, the North Caucasian peoples set up their own organization or 
national center on 18 November 1926
352
: The Free Caucasian Mountaineers People 
Party (Narodnoy Partii Vol’nikh Gortsev Kavkaza). Later on, this Party renamed 
itself the Caucasian Mountaineers People Party (Narodnaya Partiya Gortsev 
Kavkaza) in Warsaw.
353
 
The Party, which defined as a political organization “shinning in exile”, was 
the first and the sole political party of the North Caucasians in exile.
354
 The party 
aimed at strengthening the spirit of the struggle for freedom among the North 
Caucasian intelligentsia. Therefore, as its main organizer, Said Shamil pointed out, 
                                                 
351
 Hostler, 125. 
352
 Barasbi Baytugan, 1931. “Znamenatel’naya data,” Gortsy Kavkaza, (Paris), 26: 4. Also see 
Aydın Turan, May 1997. “‘Promethe Hareketi’nde Kuzey Kafkasya Mültecileri: Kafkasya Dağlıları 
Halk Partisi (1926-1940)-I,” Tarih ve Toplum, 27(161): 49-57 and “‘Promethe Hareketi’nde Kuzey 
Kafkasya Mültecileri: Kafkasya Dağlıları Halk Partisi (1926-1940)-II,” June 1997. 27(162): 39-47. 
Hereafter KDHP. 
353
 Barasbi Baytugan, “Znamenatel’naya data”. 
354
 Vano Kavtaradze, 1991. “Kafkasya Konfederasyon Yolunda,” trnsl. Musa Ramazan, Kuzey 
Kafkasya Kültür Dergisi, (İstanbul), 83/84: 44. Barasbi Baytugan, “Znamenatel’naya data,” 4. 

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