Mining scientists plan "Outstanding representatives of mining science."

MINING SCIENTISTS

plan

"Outstanding representatives of mining science."

History of the development of mining science

George Agricola (1494 - 1555) - German scientist in the field of mining and mineralogy. He received his education in Leipzig (Germany), where he studied philosophy and ancient languages; in 1519 he founded the first Greek school in Saxony. In 1522-26 he studied medicine in Italy, where he received the degree of Doctor of Medicine. Based on a study of the works of ancient scientists on geology and mining, for the first time he generalized and systematized the experience of mining and laid the scientific foundations for the search and exploration of mineral deposits, underground mining of ores and their enrichment, and metallurgy. Agricola described 20 new minerals and proposed methods for identifying them by their external characteristics. He was one of the first to trace the influence of working conditions on the health of miners.

George Agricola, in his classic work “On Mining and Metallurgy,” gives a detailed description of the rights and obligations of the local ruler (king, prince) who issues mining laws and charters; mining partnership and individual entrepreneur developing the mine; mountain doctor and priest; mining supervision in the person of Berg-Hauptmann, Bergmeister, mining jury (supervisors), foreman (mining foreman), etc.
The first mining chiefs of the Ural factories were Vladimir Nikitich Tatishchev (1668-1750) and Willim Ivanovich (Georg Wilhelm - German) De-Genin (1676-1750), they were also the founders of mining education, which arose in Russia much earlier, than in England, France, the USA and other countries. It begins with the creation of mining schools at various factories.
V.N. Tatishchev drew up the first Mining Charter and reorganized the management of the mining industry. The founder of mining science is rightfully considered Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov (1711-1765), the first Russian natural scientist.
In 1742 M.V. Lomonosov developed a treatise “On the free movement of air noted in mines”; this work became the first scientific research in the field of mine aerology, which laid the foundation for its development as a science. In this treatise, the nature of natural air draft in mines was explained and the laws of its manifestation were discovered.
In 1765, in his treatise “The First Foundations of Metallurgy, or Ore Mining,” Mikhail Vasilyevich substantiated the theory of the origin of fossil coals from plants, generalized the experience available at that time and substantiated the most important issues of mining, searching for minerals, opening deposits, conducting and securing mine workings, lifting, drainage, ventilation, etc.
Lomonosov did not limit himself to the theoretical development of issues, but also gave descriptions of the mechanisms used at that time and proposed new lifting, ventilation and drainage means that he himself designed. In total, Mikhail Vasilyevich published 130 scientific papers, and most of them touch upon issues of mining and geology.
Starting from the works of M.V. Lomonosov, for the first time, the differentiation of mining into separate disciplines appears: mineralogy, geognosy (an outdated name for geology), exploration, surveying art, mining art, mechanical beneficiation of minerals, mining and mining mechanics. Lomonosov M.V. introduces the definition of surface elevation relative to the level of the Baltic Sea.
During the first decades of the 19th century, mining art developed into an independent field of knowledge. In 1843, a systematic course in mining art appeared under Captain A.I. Uzatisa. Continuing the traditions of the Russian mining and technical school, he created a course that surpassed in its scientific significance the then known works on mining.
The systematic course became an encyclopedic guide to mining. Particular attention is paid to mining mechanics, drilling, powder shooting operations, development systems, securing mine workings, and enrichment.
In 1879, the first Russian work on mining mechanics appeared by professor of the St. Petersburg Mining Institute Ivan Augustovich Time, who taught this course for almost 40 years (from 1877 to 1915), laying the foundations of the original Russian school.
In 1880, a course on “Mining Art” was published by professor of the St. Petersburg Mining Institute G.Ya. Doroshenko. This work summarized the experience of the Russian and world mining industry accumulated by the beginning of the 80s.
In 1888, Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev made the first accurate analysis of firedamp gas from Donbass coal seams, from a breather at the Kapitalnaya mine (Makeevka).
In 1890, Professor N.D. Kotsovsky and academician Nikita Semenovich Kurnakov, who examined the mines of Donbass, found the presence of significant gas emissions, unsatisfactory ventilation of the mines, and proposed burning it out as a measure to combat methane.
In 1899, professor of the St. Petersburg Mining Institute Ivan Avgustovich Timme published an article “Rescue teams at coal mines,” in which he pointed out the imperfection of the rules for conducting mining work and the unsatisfactory organization of work in the field of safety. He studied in detail the state of safety precautions and concluded that in explosions of detonating gas or coal dust, most victims die as a result of untimely provision of assistance, due to the lack of special rescue devices that allow work to be carried out in an unbreathable atmosphere.
Ivan Avgustovich Timme in his articles demanded the creation of mine rescue teams at mines, which must undergo special training and be equipped with the necessary breathing apparatus.
In 1896, mining engineer I.O. Krzhizhanovsky publishes an article “On underground fires.”
Mikhail Mikhailovich Protodyakonov (1874 – 1930) – creator of the scale of relative strength of rocks, the theory of rock pressure on the mine support of mine workings, as well as the scientific basis for rationing labor in the mining industry. A theory of rock pressure and fastening of mine workings emerges, the author of which was Mikhail Mikhailovich Protodyakonov (1874-1930), his work “Rock pressure on mine support.” He developed a generally accepted scale for the strength of rocks.
During this period, an analytical school in mining science emerged and developed, solving the main issues related to the design of mining enterprises, such as opening methods, choosing a mine location, and the size of mine fields, based on accurate analytical calculations. One of the founders of this school, prof. Boris Ivanovich Bokiy (1873-1927).
In 1904-1905 works by Alexander Mitrofanovich Terpigorev appear under the general title “Analysis of hard coal mining systems used in the mines of the South of Russia, in connection with preparation for the mining excavation.” And in 1907, his book “Mine Fires and the Fight against Them” was published.
At the beginning of the 20th century, eight articles by Professor Alexander Alexandrovich Skochinsky (1874-1960) were published on the analysis of mine gas explosions and measures to prevent them, as well as promoting the ideas of creating a mine rescue service. In 1905, his work “Mine air and the basic law of its movement through workings” was published, where he laid the foundations of mine aerology. A.A. Skochinsky is the founder of a scientific school, the peculiarity of which was the desire to deeply study the natural phenomena that arise during the development of deposits and neutralize their harmful consequences. He also sought to create the most comfortable working conditions for miners.
In 1911, mining engineer Dmitry Gavrilovich Levitsky designed and manufactured a respirator.
The first gas mask to protect the respiratory system from poisonous gases, based on the absorption of these gases, was proposed in 1915 by the Russian scientist Nikolai Dmitrievich Zelinsky (1861 - 1953), after the Germans suddenly carried out a gas attack on the Russian-German front in May 1915 against Russian troops.
This gas mask became the prototype for the creation of self-rescuers for miners.
Mining engineer and scientist Nikolai Andreevich Chinakal (1888 – 1979) creates the first mobile support “Chinakal shield” and a shield system for developing powerful steep seams (1935). In 1956, world expertise included the shield mining system among the 50 most important achievements of mining science of the 20th century.
Chinakal N.A. He devoted more than 20 years of creative work to the development of the Tom-Usinsk coal deposit, the largest in the Kuznetsk basin, later called the “second Kuzbass”.
In the USSR, the development of ideas for safe coal mining was carried out by Academician Alexander Aleksandrovich Skochinsky (1874 - 1960). He is widely known as a leading scientist in the field of mine aerology and related disciplines related to work safety issues.
Under the leadership of Skochinsky A.A. a theory of the structure of the ventilation stream was developed, which made it possible to understand the physical and mechanical nature of the process of washing out harmful impurities from mine workings, including methane.
On the initiative and under the leadership of A.A. Skochinsky, for many years, conducted research into the aerodynamic resistance of mine workings and elucidated the mutually influencing factors that determine it. These studies led to the identification of laws of resistance to air movement for various types of support and the presence of transport equipment in the workings. As a result of research for various conditions, the aerodynamic drag coefficient, which is so necessary for the design of mine ventilation, was determined. Based on the experimentally determined aerodynamic drag coefficient since the 70s. Many software systems have been developed to solve ventilation problems in existing and planned mines and mines, and this work continues to this day.
Development of ideas by A.A. Skochinsky, his students and followers, led to the establishment of fundamental patterns of changes in the methane content of coal seams with the depth of their occurrence and the fundamental applied principles of forecasting and managing gas emissions in mines and mines.
The following mining engineers and scientists also made a certain contribution to the development of mining science:
Academician Alexander Mitrofanovich Terpigorev (1873-1959) created a new scientific direction - the mechanization of mining operations. A.M. Terpigorev organized the study of the physical and mechanical properties of rocks and coals; he was the first to begin work on studying the processes of cutting coals and rocks, which later developed into a technical discipline that helps to design mining machines and mechanisms. A.M. Terpigorev, together with his students, created a classification of mining machines and determined the appropriate conditions for their use. The main idea of A.M. Terpigorev was the creation of a scientific basis for selecting a set of equipment for efficient coal mining in various mining, geological and technical conditions.
Academician Lev Dmitrievich Shevyakov (1889-1963) is a major Soviet scientist and creator of the theory of mine design based on research using mathematical analysis methods of the dependencies between natural, technical, organizational and economic parameters of field development. L.D. Shevyakov is also the founder of a scientific school in the field of mine design theory.
Under his leadership, the Institute of Mining carried out such work as summarizing world experience in developing thick coal seams, creating progressive methods for developing coal seams in Kuzbass, developing an open-pit mining method in the USSR, improving water reduction methods when developing deposits with complex geological conditions, and mining workings using special methods, etc.
Grigory Ilyich Mankovsky (1897-1965) - an outstanding mining engineer and scientist, his field of activity was mine construction - sinking mine shafts by drilling and other special methods, as well as the development of deposits in difficult hydrogeological conditions (freezing and chemical fixation of rocks, and also water reduction).
Igor Nikolaevich Plaksin (1900-1967) - he is one of the founders of the modern theory of hydrometallurgy and mineral processing. He developed a theory of the interaction of gases with minerals during flotation.
Evgeny Fomich Sheshko (1901-1961) - made a great contribution to the formation and development of the open method of mining coal and ore deposits. The founder of a scientific school in the field of open-pit mining of mineral deposits.
Nikolai Vasilyevich Melnikov (1909 - 1980) - made a great contribution to the creation of the Soviet scientific school in the field of integrated development of the Earth's subsoil. Under his leadership, new industrial methods for using explosives for mining were created, research was carried out on the optimal design of mining enterprises, forecasting mineral production, and comprehensive mechanization of quarries.
Question No. 4 – “Leading mining universities and scientific institutes. Mining specialties. Specialty standard 130400 “Mining”. (20 minutes)
To carry out accelerated industrialization, large numbers of qualified managers, engineers and technical workers and well-trained workers were needed. Most of the technical intelligentsia emigrated, many died during the World War and Civil War.
At the end of the restoration period in 1928, the “Shakhty affair” occurred. This was the first group trial in the country, when many technical specialists were in the dock. In general, the “mining case” had a negative impact on the development of the coal industry, since the industry lost a large number of experienced specialists.
New mining educational institutions are opening in the country (Moscow Mining Academy, a number of mining institutes and technical schools in the Donbass, the Urals and Kuzbass).
The foundations for the development of Soviet mining science are beginning to be laid under the leadership of such scientists known since pre-revolutionary times as Boris Ivanovich Bokiy, Mikhail Mikhailovich Protodyakonov, Alexander Alexandrovich Skochinsky, Alexander Mitrofanovich Terpigorev and others.
In 1929-1940 the formation of industrial science begins. The All-Union Coal Institute and the Institute of Mining of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the State Design and Experimental Institute of Coal Engineering "Giprouglemash" were created in Moscow. In 1936, the Donetsk Research Institute of the Coal Industry (DonUGI) and the Kuznetsk Research Institute of the Coal Industry (KuzNIIUI) were created. Institutes for designing coal enterprises were created in Leningrad, Kharkov, Novosibirsk, Donetsk and Dnepropetrovsk: Giproshakht, Yuzhgiproshakht, Sibgiproshakht and Dneprogiproshakht.
With Russia's transition to a market economy, a large number of research institutes dealing with mining problems were closed due to lack of funding. Large-scale scientific research is not currently being carried out.
The academic discipline “Introduction to the Profession” belongs to the variable part of the basic section of the mathematical and natural science cycle (C2). The work program was developed in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard for Higher Professional Education (FSES HPE) in the field of training (specialty) 130400 “Mining” of the Ministry of Education and Science (order No. 89 of January 24, 2011).
The standard provides for 12 specializations:
“Underground development of reservoir mineral deposits”,
“Underground mining of ore deposits”,
"Open pit mining"
"Mine surveying business"
"Mine and underground construction"
"Beneficiation of mineral resources",
"Explosive Case"
"Mining ecology"
"Mining machines and equipment",
“Electrification and automation of mining production”,
"Transport systems for mining production"
"Technological safety and mine rescue."
You are studying in specialization No. 12 “Technological safety and mine rescue” with the assignment of the special title “Mining engineer”. The standard provides for passing 3 cycles:
- humanitarian, social and economic;
- mathematical and natural sciences;
- professional
and sections
- Physical Culture;
- educational and industrial practice;
- research work;
- final state certification.