Ministry of higher and secondary

< L monasterium; devil < L diabolus, Gr diabo-los; angel, OE engel < L angelus, Gr aggelos. The majority of Christian words, however, came into the English language only after the conversion.
The source of the loanwords of these first two periods was Vulgar Latin. This differed from Classical Latin, which was used for scholarly and religious purposes. Vulgar Latin was the popular form, used in speech. It became different from Classical Latin by way of sound changes, e.g. i> e,u> o. There are two criteria to determine the age of a loan. One is whether it has undergone these
sound changes or not. Thus, we can speak of early loans and late loans. Kastovsky illustrates both categories with some words.
Early loans: disc ‘dish’ < discus pic ‘pitch’ <picem
trifetum ‘tributes’ < tributum
cugele ‘cowl’ < cuculla (with VL [k] > [g])
culter ‘knife’ < culter must ‘must’ < mustum
Late loans, showing the development of [i] > [e], [u] > [o] dating back to the third century:
cest, WS cyst ‘box’ < cista
pern ‘pear’ <pirumsegn ‘banner’ < signum insegel ‘seal’ < insigillum copor
‘copper’ < cuprum torr ‘tower’ < turris [25, 144].
The age of a loanword can also be established by examining whether it has undergone those sound changes that are relevant also if one looks at the history of native words. These sound changes are -umlaut and/or palatalisation/assibilation. Kastovsky talks about old loans and later loans [40, 13].
Old loans:
tyrnan ‘turn, revolve’ < tomare/turnare ciepan ‘buy’ < caupo ‘innkeeper, wineseller’ mydd ‘bushel’ < modius mynet
‘coin, money’ < moneta cemes ‘shirt’ < camisia celc ‘cup’ < calicem cyse
‘cheese’ < caseus
Later loans:
calic ‘cup’ < calicem tunece ‘tunic’ < tunica pic ‘pike’ < picus

13].
castel ‘village, small town’ < castellum ‘fortified village < castrum ‘fort’ [45,
Two similar words can be seen here: celc and calic. They are doublets. Someother examples of doubles:
cliroc/cleric ‘clerk, clergyman’ < clericus cellendre/coryandre ‘coriander’< coriandrum leahtric/lactuca ‘lettuce’ < lactuca spynge/sponge ‘sponge’ < spongea Iceden/latin ‘Latin’ < latinus [35, 6].
In connection with the last pair of words, Pyles notes that a learned and a

popular form of the same word could exist at the same time in Old English. The popular form, in this case Iceden also meant ‘any foreign language’ [43, 23].
During the third period, the loans were more and more introduced into the writ- ten language before they came into the spoken language. There were, however, many words which did not enter the spoken language, especially towards the end of this peri- od. During this period, most loanwords came into Old English through the Church. This meant that there was a considerable increase in loans connected with religion and learning [50, 12].
Freeborn gives a list of Latin loanwords from this period along with their first occurrence in Old English that was recorded in writing. He took the data from the Oxford English Dictionary. We have put these words into categories as he suggests [27, 122].
The first category contains words which have to do with religion and the Church:
engel (950) ‘angel’ < angelus, apostol (950) ‘apostle’< apostolus, candel (700) ‘candle’ < candela, celic (825) ‘chalice’ < calix, credo (1000) ‘creed’ < credo, discipul (900) ‘disciple’ < discipulus, martyr (900) ‘martyr’ < martyr, mcesse (900) < missa, mynster (900) ‘minster’ < monasterium, nunne (900) ‘nun’
< nonna, papa (900) ‘pope < papa, preost (805) ‘priest’ < presbyter, psealm (961)

‘psalm’ < psalmus, sabat (950) ‘sabbath’ < sabbatum, serin (1000) ‘shrine’ <