Molekuláris bionika és infobionika szakok tananyagának komplex

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C.

Building blocks of Integrated Circuits 

When  the  students  are  familiar  with  the 

process,  the  circuit  primitives  are  presented, 

again, along with their technology constraints.  

Field effect transistors are described in details, 

along with the available elements, like resistor 

and capacitor types, inductors inductivity, and 

other  elements.  The  differences  between  the 

designed  and  manufactured  shapes  and  their 

behavior  (mismatch)  are  analyzed  together 

with  the  sources/reasons  of  the  various 

differences.  

D.

Design flows 

After  presenting  the  IC  CAD  tools  in  a 

historical scope, the analog and digital design 

flows are described. These flows are rather the 

same at their basic level, but advancing in the 

hierarchy  of  design  reuse,  diverge 

significantly.  The  description  form  and 

techniques  of  functionality,  parasitic  effects 

and their simulation are shown. In the digital 

flow the synthesis from standardized cells and 

modeling  the  wire/gate  delays  are  the  main 

issues.  In  the  analog  design  flow,  the 

functionality is used in a much broader sense 

in solution space, and besides the caracteristics 

of  a  correct  circuit,  the  manufacturing 

mismatch  effects  and  their  mitigation 

techniques are treated as well. Furthermore, a 

complete  lesson  is  devoted  to  simulation 

techniques  (e.g.  SPICE)  as  understanding 

these methods and their limits is a key of the 

design process.

E.

Power consumption and low power design 

Nowadays  a  key  problem  is  the  power 

consumption  of  ICs.  This  topic  covers  the 

reasons  why  circuits  consume  power,  the 

difference between static and dynamic power. 

The  technologies  of  reducing  both  types  are 

introduced  –  such  as  manufacturing, 

architectural, and software solutions. 

F.

Image sensors and their design 

As a good and useful example of other than 

digital  processor  technologies,  the  image 

sensor  design  solutions  are  presented.  The 

difference  between  CMOS  and  CCD  sensors 

and their several circuit details are listed along 

with  X-ray, IR imagers. 

Figure 2. Image sensor chip microphoto. 

G.

MEMS technologies 

Another  important  IC  class  is  that  of  the 

micro-electro-mechanical-systems  (MEMS). 

Today,  complex  MEMS  are  created 

integrating  moving  and  electronic  parts.  A 

survey  is  given  in  this  lecture  about  the 

manufacturing styles – bulk or surface MEMS, 

problems  that  can  be  solved  by  these 

architectures, and the supporting CAD tools as 

well.

Figure 3. A MEMS test circuit, the course gives 

details how these circuits are manufactured.

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Figure 4. A photo of an integrated circuit that has 

been designed by the student of this course. More 

than a dozen students’ contribution is integrated in 

this  180  nm  CMOS  circuit.  They  have  been 

designed  and  later  on  tested  their  work  in  the 

practice. 

H.

3D integration methods 

As a final step towards integrated systems, 

the 3D integration processes is introduced. The 

motivations,  e.g.  integrating  different 

technologies,  and  the  main  approaches  are 

discussed in details. Several challenges and the 

drawbacks are emphasized too. 

III.

C

ONCLUSIONS

There is a hope  that this course will fulfill 

its  role  to  give  a  deep  knowledge  and  wide 

perspective  of    integrated  circuit  design,  and 

will attract more students to this field.  

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World of Molecules 

Kristóf Iván 

Pázmány Péter Catholic University 

Faculty of Information Technology 

Budapest, Hungary 

[e-mail]

Péter Mátyus, Balázs Balogh, Gábor Krajsovszky 

Semmelweis University 

Department of Organic Chemistry 

Budapest, Hungary 

[peter.matyus, balazs.balogh, gabor.krajsovszky]@szerves.sote.hu 

Summary — World of molecules is a subject 

using bottom-up approach to basic inorganic 

and organic chemistry. This slide series starts 

at the smallest level of building blocks for 

chemical elements and develops step-by-step 

into the full description of states of matter 

through detailed description of the constituents 

of chemical compounds and their rules of in-

teraction and reaction. Furthermore, a basic 

introduction to organic chemistry is also pre-

sented along with introductory molecular mod-

eling and simulation to understand drug re-

search tasks. The main aim of this course is to 

introduce students to the modern aspects and 

uses of molecules and through that the useful-

ness of chemistry. 

Keywords - electron; molecule; compounds; 

states of matter; mixtures; electrochemistry; 

thermodynamics; reactions; spectroscopy; no-

menclature; reaction modeling; computer aided 

chemistry; drug research; chemical synthesis; 

molecular modeling 

I.

I

NTRODUCTION

The structured bottom-up approach of mo-

lecular  physico-chemistry  is  presented  in  this 

slide  series  titled  World  of  molecules.  Defin-

ing the building blocks of atoms we can derive 

compounds,  interactions,  reactions  and  pro-

cesses  on  the  molecular  level.  Based  on  this 

knowledge  we  present  detailed  analysis  of 

drug  research  and  development.  Organic 

chemistry laboratory procedures are detailed in 

order to introduce students to the “making” of 

the  molecules.  Introduction  to  chemical  and 

drug research literature is also featured. Alto-

gether this is presented in approximately 1100 

slides.

II.

W

ORLD OF MOLECULES 

I.

I

NORGANIC CHEMISTRY

A.

Periodic System of Elements 

From the history of elements, we introduce 

elementary particles and fundamental interac-

tions,  next  the  structure  of  atoms  through 

Rutherford’s  scattering  experiment,  Bohr-

Sommerfeld  model  and  organized  into  the 

Periodic table of elements. 

B.

Properties of Atoms 

Starting  from  the  nucleus,  isotopes,  tables 

of isotopes, radioactivity, decay modes, Bohr-

Sommerfeld  model,  the  quantum  numbers, 

electron structure, and some examples are pre-

sented.

C.

Dual Nature of Electrons 

By introducing the dual nature of light, and 

considering the particle nature of electron, we 

get  to  the  wave  nature  of  electrons  (by  de 

Broglie),  thus  the  particle-wave  duality  con-

cept  of  electrons  is  presented,  which  is  de-

scribed  by  the  Schrödinger  equation.  Solving 

the  equation  for  different  systems:  the  wave 

functions of the electron in 1D, the wave func-

tions of the electron in a harmonic oscillator, 

the wave functions of the electron in 3D, the 

wave  functions  of  the  electron  in  the  Hydro-

gen atom. 

D.

Properties of Chemical Bonds, 

Spectroscopy 

Spectroscopy  can  be  divided  into  absorp-

tion  spectroscopy  and  emission  spectroscopy. 

Chemical  properties  of  atoms  is  introduced, 

types of chemical bondings, basic properties of 

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