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![](/i/favi32.png) On the occasion of his sixty-fifth birthday— / i / y : / - , /o :/-, or /oe/-b ases
138
— / i / y : / - , /o :/-, or /oe/-b ases,
c l a s s
i i
:
f r i e r
l ,
v e r l i e r
1-,
k r i e c h
l ,
r i e c h
l ,
b i e g
l ,
f l i e g
l ,
w i e g
l ,
t r i e f
l ,
s c h i e b
l ,
s t i e b
l ,
f l i e s s
S
g e n i e s s
l ,
g i e s s
l ,
s c h l i e s s
l ,
s c h i e s s
l ,
s p r i e s s
S
v e r d r i e s s
l ,
s i e d
l ,
b i e t
l ,
f l i e h
l ,
z i e h
\
l ü g
l ,
t r ü g
l ,
s c h w ö r
l ,
v e r
/
e r l ö s c h l
The remaining I-base stems (viz. stems with bases in /e:/, /e:/, Id, or III) usu-
ally have a-ablaut. The majority belong to
CLASS III/IV,
that is, they show
n-ablaut and o-ablaut; a minority have a-ablaut but lack o-ablaut (that is, they
are in
CLASS V).
The distribution is controlled by both the quantity type and
the consonantism of the base. Two classes may be singled out: sonorant
bases, the segment immediately following the vowel is a sonorant, and
s-bases, the segment immediately following the vowel is an alveolar fricative
(i.e., /s/ or /z/). Given that an I-base stem has a-ablaut (thus is a member of
a-ABL)
and given the consonantal structure of its base, its ablaut class is fixed
as shown in Table 7.
sonorant base
(other bases)
s-b ase
short base
>
sin g l
BRECHL
m e s s l
nr
>
long base
OO
U
stehll
GHB1
le sl
00
<
Table 7. a-ablaut stems
with o-ablaut
(CLASS m /iv)
and without o-ablaut
(CLASS v )
Members of
a-ABL
with short bases have o-ablaut (with the exception of s-
base stems); members of
a-ABL
with long bases do not have o-ablaut (with the
exception of sonorant base stems).
Evidently, stems of
CLASS Ill/lV
and
CLASS V
are rather different as re-
gards their vocalic and consonantal structure, cf.:
— short I-base stems,
c l a s s
ii i
/
i v
:
s i n k
l ,
t r i n k
1',
s t i n k
l ,
s i n g
l ,
r i n g
l ,
d r i n g
l ,
w r i n g
l ,
s p r i n g
l ,
g e
/
m i s s
-
l i n g
l ,
k l i n g
l ,
s c h l i n g
l ,
s c h w i n g
l ,
z w i n g
\
b i n d
l , (
e m p
)
f i n d
l ,
w i n d
l ,
SCHWINDL, SINNL, SPINNL, RINNL, GEWINNL, BEGINN1-, SCHWIMM1-,
SCHELTL, GELTL, HELFL, BERSTL, BERGL, VERDERB1-, WERBL, STERBL,
w e r f
l ,
b r e c h
l ,
s p r e c h
l ,
e r s c h r e c k
l ,
t r e f f
l ,
s t e c h l
lon g
I-base stems,
c l a s s
iii
/
i v
:
b e
/
e m p f e h l
l ,
s t e h l
l , GEBÄR1-,
n e h m l
139
— short I-base stem s, CLASS V:50
e s s
l ,
f r e s s
l ,
m f s s
l ,
v e r g e s s
l ,
s i t z l
— long
I-base stems,
c l a s s
v
:
s e h
l ,
g e s c h e h
l ,
l e s
l ,
g e n e s
l ,
b i t t
l ,
t r e t
l ,
l i e g
l ,
g e b l
Finally, there are a number of stems that have bases in /e:/, /e:/, /e/ or III and
thus would ‘qualify’ for a-ablaut as regards their base vowels but which are in
c l a s s
II
nevertheless:
— /e:/-,
/e:/-, /e/-,
or
/i/-bases,
c l a s s
n:
s c h i n d
l ,
g l i m m
l ,
k l i m m
\
s c h m e l z
l ,
q u e l l
l ,
s c h w e l l
l ,
s c h e r
l ,
g ä r
l ,
d r e s c h
l ,
f e c h t
l ,
f l e c h t
l ,
h e b
l ,
w e b
l ,
b e w e g
l ,
w ä g l
Even membership in this special group is not random, but a detailed discussion
would be beyond the scope of this paper. Suffice it to note that there are at
least two relevant factors:51
(i) ‘Family resemblance’. I-base stems are invariably in
CLASS
Ill/rv if the
vowel is followed by a velar nasal. Stems of this type (e.g.,
SINGL,
t r i n k
l )
are, then, among the ‘best exemplars’ of this class.52 53 * On the
other hand, it is a sufficient condition for membership in
CLASS V
for a
stem to have an e-base such that the vowel is followed by nothing but an
alveolar obstruent (if anything); thus
LES
l
is a ‘prototypical’ member of
CLASS V.
The tendency to leave
CLASS
Ill/iv or
CLASS V
is the stronger
the less prominent the family resemblance to the best exemplars of those
classes is.55
(ii) ‘Phonotactic en-/discouragemenf. Consider
WIEG
l
/WÄG
l
/BEWEG
l
and
w e b
l ,
which come from
CLASS V.
It is assumed that these stems devel-
oped o-forms under the influence of the initial /v/ (Paul 1917: 230);
moreover, they lost a-ablaut and are now in
CLASS II
(in as far as strong
50 The bases of
SITZL,
l ie g l
a n d
BITT
l
are sess
/zes/,
leg /le:g/ and bet /be:t/, respectively
(cf. Section 2.7).
51 Another possible factor is confusion with weak causatives (Paul 1917: 219).
52 See the analysis by Bybee & Slobin (1982) of the cognate class in English for a discus-
sion of the role of prototypes, schemes and family resemblance; cf. also Bybee & Moder
(1983) and Kopeke (1999).
53 This applies to stems without a post-vocalic sonorant (e.g.,
FLECHTl ,
f e c h t
l , DRESCHl )
that have left
CLASS Ill/iv
and to stems ending in non-alveolar obstruents that have left
CLASS v
(e.g.,
b e w e g
l ,
w e b
l ),
thus stems with ‘other bases’ by the classification presented
in Table 7.
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