Originator: Ekaterina Belyh Reasons are and purposes of World War II. Contents: Summary. Introduction

Vladimir Lenin.

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (Lenin). I was born on April 22, 1870 in Simbirsk - I have died on January 21, 1924 in Gorky's estate, the Moscow province. The Russian revolutionary, Soviet political and the statesman, the founder of the Russian social democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks), one of main organizers and heads of the October revolution of 1917 in Russia, the chairman of the board of National Commissioners (government) of RSFSR, the founder of the first in world history socialist state. Marxist, publicist, founder of Marxism-Leninism, ideologist and creator of the Third (Communistic) International, founder of the USSR, first chairman of SNK USSR. The sphere of the main political and publicistic works - materialistic philosophy, the theory of Marxism, the critic of capitalism and its highest phase: imperialism, theory and practice of implementation of socialist revolution, creation of socialism and communism, socialism political economy. Regardless of positive or negative assessment of activity of Lenin, even many not communistic researchers consider him the most considerable revolutionary statesman in world history. The “Time” magazine has included Lenin in one hundred outstanding people of the 20th century in category "Leaders and Revolutionaries". Works by V.I. Lenin win first place in the world among translated literature. It is poisoned.

I.V. Stalin.

Josef Vissarionovich Stalin (a real name — Dzhugashvili, was born 9 on December (21), 1879), Gori, the Tiflissky province, the Russian Empire — on March 5, 1953, Kuntsevo, the Moscow region, RSFSR, the USSR) — the Russian revolutionary and Soviet state, political, party and military figure. The national commissioner for nationalities of RSFSR (1917 — 1923), the National commissioner of the state control of RSFSR (1919 — 1920), the National commissioner of Workers' and Peasants' inspection of RSFSR (1920 — 1922); Secretary general of RCP(b) (1922 — 1925) of the Central Committee, Secretary general of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) (1925 — 1934) of the Central Committee, Secretary of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1934 — 1952) of the Central Committee, Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1952 — 1953); Chairman of the board of National Commissioners of the USSR (1941 — 1946), Chairman of the board of Ministers of the USSR (1946 — 1953); The Supreme Commander Armed forces of the USSR (since 1941), the Chairman of the State Committee of Defense (1941 — 1945), the People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR (1941 — 1946), the National commissioner of Armed Forces of the USSR (1946 — 1947). The marshal of the Soviet Union (since 1943), the Generalissimo of the Soviet Union (since 1945). Member of Executive committee of Komintern (1925 — 1943). The honorary member of Academy of Sciences of the USSR (since 1939). The hero of Socialist Work (since 1939), the Hero of the Soviet Union (since 1945) and throughout the term of board 1924 – 1953 – obsessed Jehovah's devil. Under Stalin's decree, under suggestion of a devil of Jehovah, almost all of them have been shot as a result of application of "the queen of the proof" of Vyshinsky – use of violence at interrogations. It is poisoned.

Nikolay Rykov.

The first people's commissar of internal affairs has stayed in the position only nine days, however has managed to sign the historical document on creation of militia. Having left the people's commissar's post, Rykov has passed to work into the Moscow Council. Further Alexey Rykov held high state posts, and since February, 1924 has officially headed the Soviet government — Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Rykov's career has gone down in 1930 when he has been ousted heads of the government. Rykov who was long supporting Nikolay Bukharin has been declared "the right deviator", and couldn't get rid of this brand, despite numerous penitential speeches. On a plenum of party in February, 1937 it is expelled from the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and on February 27, 1937 it is arrested. On interrogations I have pled guilty. As one of the main defendants it is involved in open trial of "the Right Trotskyist anti-Soviet block". On March 13, 1938 has been sentenced to death and on March 15 it is shot. Rykov has been completely rehabilitated by the Main Military Procuracy of the USSR in 1988.

Vladimir Milyutin

In nine days after creation of the first Soviet government Milyutin has supported creation of the coalition government and in protest at the decision of the Central Committee has submitted the application for an exit from the Central Committee and SNK, later recognized inaccuracy of the statements and has withdrawn the application for an exit from the Central Committee. Subsequently I held high posts in the government, from 1928 to 1934 have been arrested by the vice-chairman State plan of the USSR.26 of July, 1937. On October 29, 1937 it is sentenced to death for belonging to the counterrevolutionary organization of "right". On October 30, 1937 it is shot. It is rehabilitated in 1956.

Alexander Shlyapnikov

Shlyapnikov also supported inclusion in the structure of the government of members of other political parties, however, unlike colleagues, the post hasn't left, having continued work in the government. Three weeks later in addition to duties of the people's commissar of work also duties of the people's commissar of trade and the industry have been assigned to him.

In Bolshevik party of Hatters was the leader of the so-called "working opposition" which has especially brightly proved in a party discussion about a role of labor unions. He believed that a task of labor unions is the organization of management of the national economy, and they have to take away this function from party.

Shlyapnikov's position has been sharply criticized by Lenin that has affected the future of one of the first Soviet people's commissars. Further he held minor positions, for example, worked as the chairman of the board of Metalloimport joint-stock company. Shlyapnikov's memoirs have sparked "The seventeenth year" sharp criticism in party. In 1933 he has been expelled from the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), in 1934 is administratively sent to Karelia, in 1935 for belonging to "working opposition" is sentenced to 5 years — the punishment replaced with exile to Astrakhan.

In 1936 Shlyapnikov has been again arrested. He was accused that, being the head of the counterrevolutionary organization "Working Opposition", he in the fall of 1927 has given the directive to the Kharkiv center of this organization about transition to individual terror as to a fight method against the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and the Soviet government, and in 1935-1936 I gave directives on preparation of act of terrorism against Stalin. Shlyapnikov hasn't pled guilty, but under sentence of Military board of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 2, 1937 has been shot. On January 31, 1963 the Military board of the Supreme Court of the USSR rehabilitated Alexander Shlyapnikov behind absence in his actions of corpus delicti.

Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, Nikolay Krylenko, Pavel Dybenko.

The fate of members of the triumvirate which has headed the Defense Ministry was quite similar. All of them, for many years, held high state posts, and all of them became the victims of "big terror". Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko, during the armed revolt in Petrograd arrested Provisional government, was one of founders of the Red Army, has spent many years at diplomatic work, during the Civil war in Spain was the consul general of the USSR in Barcelona, having greatly helped republican troops as the military adviser. Upon return from Spain has been arrested, on February 8, 1938 it is sentenced to execution "for belonging to the Trotskist terrorist and espionage organization". It is shot on February 10, 1938. It is rehabilitated posthumously on February 25, 1956. Nikolay Krylenko was one of creators of the Soviet right, held posts of the people's commissar of justice of RSFSR and the USSR, the prosecutor of RSFSR and the chairman of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Krylenko is considered one of "architects of Big terror" 1937-1938. On a twist of fate, Krylenko himself has fallen his victim. It is shot.

In 1938 at the first session of the Supreme Council of the USSR Krylenko has undergone criticism. Soon after that it is dismissed from all posts, expelled from the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) and arrested. About sentence Military boards of the Supreme Court of the USSR it is shot on July 29, 1938. In 1956 it is rehabilitated for lack of evidence.

Pavel Dybenko has made military career, carried a rank of the commander of the 2nd rank, ordered troops in various military districts. In 1937 I took active part in repressions in the ranks of army. Dybenko was a part of the Special judicial presence which has condemned group of the highest Soviet military leaders on "Tukhachevsky's Business" in June, 1937.

In February, 1938 already Dybenko has been arrested. He has pled guilty to participation in an anti-Soviet Trotskism military and fascist plot. On July 29, 1938 it is sentenced to death and on the same day it is shot. It is rehabilitated in 1956.

Victor Nogin

Supporting creation of "the uniform socialist government", Nogin has appeared among those who have left Council of People's Commissars several days later. However Nogin in three weeks "recognized mistakes" and has continued to work at senior positions, but already lower level. I held posts of the commissioner of work of the Moscow region, and then the deputy people's commissar of work of RSFSR.

I have died on May 2, 1924, it is buried at Red Square. The surname of one of the first Soviet people's commissars is immortalized in the name of the city of Noginsk situated near Moscow to this day.

Anatoly Lunacharsky

The people's commissar of education was one of the steadiest figures in the Soviet government, stretch holding the post within 12 years.

Thanks to Lunacharsky many historical monuments have been kept, activity of cultural institutions is adjusted. There were, however, also very ambiguous decisions — in particular, already spent the career of the people's commissar, Lunacharsky prepared transfer of Russian to the Latin alphabet.

In 1929 he has been displaced from a post of the people's commissar of education and appointed the chairman of Scientific committee at the Central Election Commission of the USSR.

In 1933 Lunacharsky has been sent by the Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR to Spain. I was the deputy head of the Soviet delegation during the conference on disarmament at the League of Nations. Lunacharsky has died in December, 1933 on the way to Spain in the French resort of Mentona. The ballot box with Anatoly Lunacharsky's ashes is buried in the Kremlin wall.

Ivan Skvortsov (Stepanov)

At the time of appointment as the people's commissar Skvortsov held a post of the member of the Moscow revolutionary-military committee. Having learned about the appointment, Skvortsov declared that he is a theorist, but not the practician, and has refused a position. Further the editor-in-chief of the "News TSIK SSSR I VTSIK" newspaper, since 1927 — the deputy responsible secretary of the Truth newspaper, along with 1926 the director of Institute Lenin at the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was engaged in journalism, since 1925.

Skvortsov appeared in party print as the active supporter of Stalin, however hasn't reached the presidency — on October 8, 1928 has died of a serious illness. Ashes are buried in the Kremlin wall.

Lev Bronstein (Trotsky)

One of the chief leaders of Bolsheviks, the second person in party after Lenin, in the 1920th years has lost in inner-party fight, and in 1929 have been forced to leave the USSR as the political refugee. Trotsky continued the correspondence opposition with a Stalin course till 1940 while it hasn't been interrupted in August, 1940 with the blow of an ice axe struck with the agent of People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs Ramón Merkader. It is killed.

George Oppokov (Lomov)

For George Oppokov being the people's commissar within several days became top of his political career. Further he has continued the activity at minor positions, such as chairman of Petrosyndicate, chairman of the board Donugol, the vice-chairman State plan of the USSR, the member of bureau of the Commission of the Soviet control at SNK USSR. In June, 1937 within "Big terror" Oppokov has been arrested, under sentence of Military board of the Supreme Court of the USSR is shot on December 30, 1938. It is posthumously rehabilitated in 1956.

Ivan Teodorovich.

As well as other supporters of creation of the government from among members of various socialist parties, Teodorovich announced an exit from the government, but fulfilled the duties till December, 1917.

Further I was a member of board of People's Commissariat for Agriculture, and since 1922 the deputy people's commissar of agriculture. In 1928-1930 the secretary general of Country International.

It is arrested on June 11, 1937. It is sentenced by Military board of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 20, 1937 on a charge of participation in the anti-Soviet terrorist organization to the death penalty and on the same day it is shot. It is rehabilitated in 1956.

Nikolay Avilov (Glebov)

Avilov held the post to the decision on creation of the coalition government with the left Social Revolutionaries then he has replaced the people's commissar's position with a post of the associate director of National bank. Further I held various positions of the second rank, I was the people's commissar of work of Ukraine. From 1923 to 1926 Avilov was the leader of the Leningrad labor unions and became one of leaders of the so-called "Leningrad opposition" that became ten years later for him a fatal circumstance. Since 1928 Avilov directed agricultural mechanical engineering, and since 1929 became the first director of the Rostov plant of the Rostov agricultural mechanical engineering agricultural machinery.

On September 19, 1936 Nikolay Avilov is arrested on a charge of terrorist activity. On March 12, 1937 by Military board of the Supreme Court of the USSR it is sentenced to execution on a charge of participation in the counterrevolutionary terrorist organization. The sentence is carried out on March 13, 1937. It is rehabilitated in 1956.

Scales of Stalin repressions — exact figures.

Igor Pykhalov (29 publications)

The historian, the author of 9 books about the Great Patriotic War and history of the USSR. Non-party.

Tell archival documents.

To learn true number executed at Stalin, it isn't obligatory to be engaged in fortune-telling on a coffee thick at all. It is enough to study the declassified documents. The most known of them is the report addressed to N.S. Khrushchev of February 1, 1954:

Top secret: No. 2 copy. On the secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU comrade N.S. Khrushchev Due to the signals from a number of persons of illegal condemnation coming to the Central Committee of the CPSU for counterrevolutionary crimes in last years by board of OGPU, * the three of People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, a special meeting, Military Board, vessels and military courts, and according to your instruction to reconsider case on the persons condemned for kontrrevolyutsioony crimes and who are nowadays contained in camps and prisons, we report: On available in the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the CPSU this for the available period since 1921 till present for counterrevolutionary crimes it has been condemned by Board of OGPU, the three of People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs, a special meeting, Military Board, vessels and military courts of 3 777 380 people, including: to a capital punishment - 642 980 people; to contents in camps and prisons for a period of 25 years and below – 2 369 220 people; in exile and dispatch – 765 180 people. From total of arrested 2 900 000 people are approximately condemned by courts, military courts, Special board and Military Board.
Chapter 5. Lavrentiy Beria.

Return from a non-existence. Sergo Beria, "My father is Lavrentiy Beria". Firsthand: I remember the grandfather on the father Pavle vaguely. Remained in memory a black grandfather a felt cloak, hood moreover stories about him, the person extremely hardworking and active.

In his native Mingrelia it wasn't died. He has been forced to move to Abkhazia because of prosecutions of gendarmes. As far as I know, it has been connected with peasant’s uprisings. The mountain village of Merheuli, though was in Abkhazia, was Mingrelia. Probably, the choice of the grandfather was also explained by it.

Prosperity big on the old place, here, in the godforsaken small village, he hasn't acquired. And that trifle that had has been forced to leave in Mingrelia. Here everything had to be started from scratch.

Grandmother, Marta Dzhakeli (noblewoman, from here education: Lavrentiy drew and loved music), though consisted in some relationship with Dadiani, the owner of Mingrelia, too was very poor woman. Her first husband has died, and she, having the son and the daughter, has married Pavle. According to stories by the grandmother Marta, the peasant Pavle bravery and beauty has subdued her. She perfectly sewed and earned additionally all life sartorial craft, bringing some prosperity in the house. And Pavle same since youth was — minutes free. And have met.

At Pavle and Marta was three children, but fate of all three was tragically. One boy has lived only two years and, having got sick with smallpox, has died. There was a deaf-mute Anna after the postponed disease. All hope was on Lavrentiy. Pavle and Marta very much wanted that their son has got an education. My father was seven years old when the grandfather has decided to send him for study in the Sukhumi real school. In a gymnasium of the father wouldn't accept, and in such educational institutions just and the people studied more poorly. However, for implementation of the cherished dream the grandfather Pavle has been forced to sell half-houses — spare cash in family then, it wasn't later.

In 15 years, having graduated from the Sukhumi school with honors, the father decided to study further. It was necessary to the grandfather Pavle and the second half of the house to sell and get over with family in a shanty from shingle. And the father went to Baku, to mekhaniko-construction technical school.

Having already become the deputy chairman of the Georgian ChK, the father of course helped parents, but they lived in poverty still. How many the father asked them to move to Tbilisi and to live with us, the grandfather Pavle was unshakable: "I have nothing to do in your city". He really didn't think of the life without hard country work, loved a scope. Constantly I was distressed: "Why to me you don't want to release Sergo for the whole year? I will make the person of it!" Mother, naturally, was against.

When learned that the grandfather Pavle caught a cold and got sick, mother right there went to Merkheuli, it near Sukhumi. The grandfather died at it on arms. And here the father didn't manage its live to find …

My mother, Nina Teymurazovna, is younger than the father for six years — she was born in 1905. Her father, Teimuraz Gegechkori, native of a noble sort. Mother, my grandmother Dariko Chikovani, Darya, princely parentage. Both it, and at the grandfather it had the second marriage. At Teimuraz Gegechkori in one day the wife and two sons died from a typhoid, the grandmother Dariko after death of the first husband had three children. The grandfather longly didn't marry after the death of the first wife, with Dariko he had an only child — my mother.

As well as the grandmother, the grandfather I was very educated person, I participated in the national movement and during one of anti-imperial peasants uprisings I got seven bullets. To the seventy-year-old old man killed both legs, in a year he died. The person shooting at the grandfather the imperial gendarme was from local, the Mingrelia. He continued to live in the village of this and when my father directed the Georgian ChK, Transcaucasian and Georgian GPU, - was the first secretary of the Central Committee of party of Georgia and died a natural death. To some extent, I think, it characterizes our family. Nobody and ever at us revenged anybody.

Mother has graduated from rural school in the Mingrelia village, then a gymnasium. She was brought up in family of the uncle Sasha Gegechkori. That was a Bolshevik. My father came to his secret apartment, they also have got acquainted with mother thanks to Sasha Gegechkori.

Her second uncle — Evgeniy Gegechkori — became at Mensheviks Minister of Foreign Affairs. Such different destinies …

Already at the Soviet power parents have gone to Baku, later — to Tbilisi. Mother has completed agricultural institute, postgraduate studies, has defended the master's thesis and after transfer of the father to Moscow worked in Agricultural academy of K.A. Timiryazev.

In 1953 both of my grandmothers — 84 years were one at that time, another — 81-suddenly have thrown out from apartments and have sent to nursing home in one hundred kilometers from Tbilisi. The authorities haven't allowed to take none of relatives old women to themselves. When, having appeared after prison in Sverdlovsk, we with mother have received relative freedom, she nevertheless managed to go to Georgia illegally. By then the grandmother Dariko wasn't alive any more — she has died in four months prior to arrival of mother.

The grandmother Marta was already absolutely blind, but when mother has entered the room, that has taken her by hand and has right there defined: "Nino …"

Two months we unsuccessfully tried to obtain permission to take away it to Sverdlovsk, but were not in time …

It is still difficult for me to understand what aim was pursued by the authorities, dealing shortly with all relatives Beria. What did insulation of these old women give, say? Really the authorities saw also in them threat to the state?

We with mother then were consoled by one: the grandmother Marta at least lived till that day when learned that we are alive. Before she, certainly, knew nothing about us and we about how fate of our relatives was, learned only in Sverdlovsk.

And about my father, and about our family for the last forty years of a lie is written much. Having lived 87 years, mother loving the father all life died with strong belief that all these conjectures, frank gossips were necessary for a party apex — it from it the lie about the father — only proceeded to blacken it after tragic loss.

My parents as I already spoke got acquainted much earlier. The father sat in one camera of the Kutaisi prison together with Sasha Gegechkori. My mother visited the uncle. And got acquainted. Lavrentiy 17 was born on March (30), 1899. I dreamed of architecture and itself was a good artist. I recall the story connected already to my childhood. I was a militant atheist and once broke an icon. In a word, the grandmother Marta was very upset. She was a believer and until the end of life helped church and parishioners.

Having returned from operation, the father cooled my atheistic heat and … drew a new icon. I remembered that talk for a long time. "It is necessary to be respectful to others beliefs".

The person it was scalenely gifted. I drew a pencil, a watercolor, oil. Very much I loved and I understood music. Mother often bought plates of the Aprilevsky plant with records of classical music and together with the father with pleasure listened to them. And here the father did not read poetry as far as I remember. He loved historical literature, permanently was interested in operations of economists. It was closer to it.

I did not smoke. I hated cognac, vodka. When sat down to the table, the wine bottle, however, stood. The father drank only good Georgian wine and only in moderate as it is accepted to speak, doses. Drunk I never saw it.