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Viipuri Library, 1927

Location
Viipuri, Vyborg, Russian Federation

Year
1933

Status
Realized

After the City Council decided on the new placing of the library in Torkkeli park in autumn 1933, Aalto drafted the final version and signed the drawings in December 1933.
Construction got under way in 1934, and the library was inaugurated on October 13, 1935. As planned earlier, the facades were finished with white rendering in Le Corbusier style, but the collage-like overlapping of building volumes and the new location called for a redisposition of rooms. The staircase can be seen through a glass wall from the entrance hall, which merges with a long auditorium; the children's library, lending room, reading rooms, and basement stacks are more tightly integrated into the main volume. The original Asplund-style 'book pit' still forms the main entrance to the lending room and its centrally placed 'librarian's watchtower'.
Aalto reverted to his original idea of top-lighting for the lending and reading rooms, though this time he solved the problems of winter snow and direct sunlight with rows of round 'barrel skylights' which rise above the roof surface (an idea used previously by Aalto for some basement storerooms in the Turun Sanomat building). This meant deleting the rooftop garden. Other important innovations included a generous use of light, unpainted wood panelling, irregular serpentine lines in the interiors, and specially designed, functional light fixtures. To make up for the auditorium's acoustically unfavourable elongated shape, Aalto developed the acoustic ceiling design of his 1930 competition entry for Tehtaanpuisto Church, using an apparently free - but in fact quite uniform - undulating form. The convincing overall grasp, the density of ideas, and the care taken with every detail guarantee the Viipuri Library pride of place in Aalto's pre-war output.
http://www.alvaraalto.fi/

"When I designed the city library at Viipuri [...] for long period of time I pursued the solution with the help of primitive sketches from some kind of fantastic mountain landscapes with cliffs lit up by suns in different positions, [from which] I gradually arrived at the concept for the library building. The library's architectural core consists of reading and lending areas at different levels and plateaus while the centre and control area forms the high point above the different levels. The childish sketches have only a direct connection with the architectural conception, but they tied together in section and plan with each other and created a kind of unity of horizontal and vertical structures."

Alvar Aalto

source: Michael Spens,1994, Viipuri Library, Academy Editions, London


Cambridge University Library, 1931-34
The library has existed in some form since the beginning of the 15th century. In 1416 William Loring bequeathed books to the library thus: "Item volo quod omnes libri mei juris civilis remaneant in communi libraria scolarium universitatis Cantebrigg' in perpetuum." The earliest catalogue is dated ca. 1424. From the 16th century onwards it received generous donations or bequests of books and growth was considerably increased once the privilege of legal deposit had been granted (it is still one of only three copyright deposit libraries in England under British law).
The current UL building was constructed between 1931 and 1934 under architect Giles Gilbert Scott, who also designed the neighbouring Clare Memorial Court (part of Clare College). It bears a marked resemblance to Scott's industrial architecture, a famous example of which is Bankside Power Station (the home of the Tate Modern). Its tower stands 157 feet (48 metres) tall, six feet shorter than the top of St John's College Chapel and ten feet taller than the peak of King's College Chapel. Contemporary reports stated that in opening the building, Chamberlain referred to it as "this magnificent erection"[citation needed], although this phrase is also attributed by tradition to George V. The fictional "Dark Tower" in the novel of that name (attributed to C. S. Lewis) was a replica of this building. Contrary to popular belief, pornographic material is not stored in the tower.[2]
The library has been extended several times. The main building houses the Japanese and Chinese collections in the Aoi Pavilion, an extension donated by Tadao Aoi and opened in 1998.

By the late 19th century, the Library had encroached upon all floors, not only around the Schools courtyard but also that of the Old Court of King’s College to its west, bought in 1829. Further enlargement and rebuilding of this courtyard provided only temporary respite from overcrowding. How could the Library’s space problems be solved?

Moving the Library to a new site, in ‘the suburbs’, was the option decided upon in 1921. Sir Hugh Anderson, Master of Caius 1912-28, masterminded the project; acquiring a seven acre playing field from King’s and Clare Colleges, raising the funds from the University and the Rockefeller Foundation and negotiating with architect Sir Giles Gilbert Scott; he of the red telephone box and Bankside Power Station, better known as Tate Modern. His design insisted on the continued ability of readers to browse the majority of the Library’s books in well -lit open access stacks; on the integration of the old (antique oak Royal Library bookcases) with the new (in corridors floored with geometrically decorated linoleum) and on the need for a ‘dominating feature’ in the shape of the tower. Construction began in September 1931and took three years to complete. Over the summer of 1934, in time for the royal opening in October, the entire contents of the Library, packed into some 23,725 boxes, were transported from the centre of the city and rearranged along the new and capacious metal shelves.

Nuk, Ljubljana, 1936-41

The establishment of the University brought about the construction of the National and University Library (1936-41). Plecnik had previously prepared plans for a new library in 1931. The location of the building is in the old city center with an irregular trapezoidally-shaped ground plan, divided in four parts. On one of these, the central, is the great staircase with the side colonnades. At the head of the staircase stands the main reading room, a large rectangular space oriented transversely to the axis of the stairs. The facade of the library is an expressive combination of red brick and larger rusticated stone. The west and the east facades are dominated by the large windows of the reading room. Each of these windows has one pseudo-ionic column with iron volutes. These volutes are an example of Plecnik's research on ancient architecture, based on his discovery that the first ionic capitals were of metal. In contrast to the rough but cheerful facade, the interior is much more severe, designed with dark local marble in the vestibule and staircase, and light colors in reading room, with the large east and west windows. The symbolic idea of this interior is a presentation of the way "from the darkness of ignorance [vestibule] to the light of knowledge [library]."

http://corbu2.caed.kent.edu/architronic/v4n2/v4n2.02p09.html

The National and University Library (Slovene: Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, NUK), established in 1774, is one of the most important national educational and cultural institutions of Slovenia. It is located in the centre of Ljubljana, between Turjak Street(Turjaška ulica), Gentry Street (Gosposka ulica), and Vega Street (Vegova ulica), in a building designed by the architect Jože Plečnikin the years 1930–31 and constructed between 1936–41. The building is considered one of the greatest achievements by Plečnik. According to the Mandatory Publications Copy Act, issuers are bound to submit a copy of each publication they publish to the National and University Library. In 2011, the library kept about 1,307,000 books, 8,700 manuscripts, and numerous other text, visual and multimedia resources,[1] and was (in 2010) subscribed to 7900 periodicals.[3] Books and other resources are kept at storehouses at Turjak Street (Turjaška ulica) and at Leskošek Street (Leskoškova cesta). There have been significant problems with a lack of space and a new modern building has been planned to be built in the vicinity.

History
Around 1774, after the dissolution of Jesuits, the Lyceum Library formed from the remains of the Jesuit Library and several monastery libraries. It was established with a decree issued by Maria Theresa. The submission of legal deposit copies to the Lyceum library became mandatory with a decree published by the Austrian court in 1807, at first only in Carniola, except for a short period of French occupation, when it received copies from all the Illyrian provinces. In 1919, it was named State Reference Library and started to collect legal deposit copies from the entire Slovenia of the time. In the same year, the University of Ljubljana (the first Slovenian university) was established and the library served its needs too. In 1921, it started to acquire legal deposit copies from the entire Yugoslavia. It was named University Library in 1938.[4]
Architecture
Since 1791, the library was located in the building of Ljubljana lyceum. In 1919, additional space was provisionally dedicated to it in the building of the Poljane Grammar School. In 1930–31, plans for a new building were created by Jože Plečnik. Initially the project encountered resistance by the Yugoslavian authorities based in Belgrade. However, persistent student protests and demonstrations have been effective,[5] and the new building was erected between 1936 and 1941 by the company of the constructor Matko Curk.[6]
The library building is the most monumental of Plečnik's works in Slovenia. In its size and form, it models the former Ducal Court (Knežji dvorec), which was at the same location and was destroyed in the 1895 earthquake. The building has a square ground plan and is a massive block with a court. The front façade, oriented toward Turjak Street, was designed as a combination of brick and stone embeddings, some of them archeological remains from the place. It was modelled in the manner of the Italian palazzo, similar to the house of the Italian architect Federico Zuccari. The handles of the main door end with a little head of Pegasus. The symbiosis of the fragile glass and massive walls in other parts of exterior is entirely original. The side walls are oriented towards the Lord Street and Vega Street. The side entrance from the Lord Street is decorated with a sculpture of Moses, created by Lojze Dolinar.
The interior comprises four wings and the central hallway. Light comes to the main entrance through windows in the main reading room, which is at the top of the main staircase, oriented crosswise. This symbolises the central thought of the building's architecture, "From the twilight of ignorance to the light of knowledge and enlightenment". The staircase and its 32 columns are built of the dark Podpeč marble, actually limestone. In addition, there is a small staircase with landings in the form of balconies in each of the four corner of the building. The main reading room, modelled after the industrial aesthetics of the 19th century, is decorated with large chandeliers. It has two glass walls at each side, divided in two symmetric parts by a column and forming part of the side walls of the building. There are wooden tables and chairs. The equipment in main spaces of the building is scarce. The cellar was renovated in 2000 by Marko Mušič, when the building was also additionally protected against earthquakes.

The Library was depicted on the reverse of the 500 tolar banknote, issued in 1992 by the Bank of Slovenia.

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