24.
When did the unexpected discoveries of chimpanzee behaviour start?
25.
Which country is the researching site of Toshisada Nishida and Jane
Goodall?
26.
What did the chimpanzee how to get used in initial study?
27.
What term can be used to depict that Jane Goodall found the chimpanzees
in different regions used the different tools in 1973?
Page 36
Passage 3
Section A
Shoes—we wear them nearly every day. We walk, run, jump, climb, and stand
in them for hours on end. Yet we hardly think about them because they are
such an ordinary part of our daily lives. Shoes were not always an important
part of people’s wardrobes. The ancient Greeks, Egyptians,and Persians
made and wore sandals,but actually went barefoot most of the time. These
people lived in regions where the weather was temperate, and shoes were not
needed to keep their feet warm. Archaeologists have found shoes in the ruins
of these civilizations, but they seem to have been worn mainly by royalty, who
could afford to employ tailors and shoemakers.
Section B
As shoes became more common in ancient Egypt, the first ones were simple
sandals created mainly to protect the soles of the feet from rough surfaces.
The easiest way to make shoes in these ancient times was to use materials
that were readily available, including tree bark, leaves, and grasses. In ancient
Egypt, sandals were made of rushes, which are grassy plants with hollow
stalks. Rushes are the same plants used today to make chair bottoms, mats,
and baskets. Among the ancient Greeks, sandals were woven of similar plant
materials, but the Greeks also varied the process by tying small pieces of
wood together with dried grass. In later years, they made sandals with leather
from the hides of animals. The first Greek shoes were purely functional, but
over time most were dyed and decorated to make fashion statements. Women
began to wear soft, enclosed leather shoes, and these grew increasingly fancy
in the later years of the Greek civilization.The Romans wore sandals much like
the Greeks did, but used more pieces of leather to make them.Some Roman
sandals had straps that wrapped around the ankles. Shoemakers often dyed
these sandals in bright colors that represented the different jobs held by the
people wearing them. The patricians, or privileged classes, wore red sandals
with moon-shaped ornaments on the back. Senators wore brown shoes with
four black leather straps wound around the lower leg. Consuls, or legal
officers, wore white shoes, and soldiers wore heavy leather sandals that were
more like boots—but with bare toes! Meanwhile, people who lived in cold
northern climates were making their shoes from the hides of furry animals,
such as polar bears and yaks. The soles and tops of these shoes were made
from pieces of soft leather sewn together. This type of shoe—whether or not it
Page 37
used fur—was called a moccasin. Some Native American groups made and
wore moccasins for thousands of years. Some moccasins were plain, and
others were adorned with beadwork.
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