energy consumption
:
Jessica M. Nolan, P. Wesley Schultz, Robert B. Cialdini, Noah J. Goldstein, and Vladas Griskevicius, “Normative
Social Influence Is Underdetected,”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
34 (2008): 913–923; P. Wesley Schultz,
Jessica M. Nolan, Robert B. Cialdini, Noah J. Goldstein, and Vladas Griskevicius, “The Constructive, Destructive, and
Reconstructive Power of Social Norms,”
Psychological Science
18 (2007): 429–434; and Hunt Alcott, “Social Norms and
Energy Conservation,” MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research (working paper, 2009).
“ready to aid one another”
:
Charles Darwin,
The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex
(London: Murray, 1871).
Underestimating the givers
:
Francis J. Flynn and Vanessa K. B. Lake (now Bohns), “If You Need Help, Just Ask: Underestimating
Compliance with Direct Requests for Help,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
95 (2008): 128–143.
only natural to assume
:
Dale T. Miller, “The Norm of Self-Interest,”
American Psychologist
54 (1999): 1053–1060.
“explaining almost every act of their lives on the principle of self-interest”
:
Alexis de Tocqueville,
Democracy in America
(Garden City, NY: Anchor Press, 1835/1969), 526.
“social norms against sounding too charitable”
:
Robert Wuthnow,
Acts of Compassion
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press,
1993).
“no one believes”
:
David Krech and Richard S. Crutchfield,
Theory and Problems of Social Psychology
(New York: McGraw-Hill,
1948).
Harvard freshmen
:
Stephanie Garlock and Hana Rouse, “Harvard Most Values Success, 2014 Says,”
Harvard Crimson
, September 2,
2011; “Harvard College Introduces Pledge for Freshmen to Affirm Values,”
Harvard Crimson
, September 1, 2011; and Hana
Rouse, “College to Remove Signatures from Freshman Kindness Pledge,”
Harvard Crimson
, September 7, 2011.
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