Psycho-Educational Research Reviews

This morning I hantar my 
baby tu dekat babysitter tu lah
(
hantar took
, 
tu 
dekat to
the, 
lah
a particle marking solidarity A 
code can be a language or a language style or 
variety (Mcarthur, 1998 b). 
There are 4 major types of switching: 
▪
Tag-switching: Certain expressions in a 
language is put another saying into 
another language. For example, as in 
Punjabi and English bilingualism. For 
example, as in Punjabi and English 
bilingualism 
→
It's 
a 
nice 
day
, 
hana?
(
hai nā isn't it
). 
▪
Intra-sentential switching: Switching 
within the bounds of a sentence or clause 
(Mcarthur, 1998 b). In the same 
sentence, it comes from the single root. 
The switching happens in the same 
component as in the case of si-ko sure, 
na-suspect, and zi-ta-open (Scotton, 
1995). For example, Yoruba (the 
language spoken in western Africa) and 
the English bilingualism 
→
Won o arrest 
a single person
(
won o
they did not).
▪
Inter-sentential 
switching: 
The 
switching of languages is within the 
bounds of a sentence or clause that is in 
a language or other languages (Mcarthur, 
1998 b). It includes swtiching from one 
language to the other (Scotton, 1995). 
For example, Spanish and English 
bilinguals say 
→
Sometimes I'll start a 
sentence in English y termino en 
español
(and finish it in Spanish). 
▪
Intra-word switching: This switching 
occurs in a word boundary. For example, 
as in “
shoppã” 
(English shop with the 
Panjabi plural ending), or kuenjoy 
(English enjoy with the Swahili prefix 
ku, meaning 'to') (McArthur, 1998 b). 
METHOD 
RESEARCH DESIGN
In this study, a case study as one of the qualitative 
research methods was used. Case study is a 
method in which one or more events, the 
environment, the program, the social group, or 
other interrelated systems are examined in depth 
(Büyüköztürk et al, 2016). This method is 
preferred in order to examine how the code 
switching process mentioned in Bernstein's theory 
is performed in bilingual children, to identify the 

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Psycho-Educational Research Reviews | Vol. 9, No. 3 (December 2020) 
77 
details of the event, and to see if the use of code 
switching is effective. For this purpose, bilingual 
children were observed and the code switching 
were examined according to the theory explained 
in the literature and the observations obtained were 
noted. 
DATA COLLECTION TOOLS 
As data collection tools, unstructured participant 
observation, unstructured interview forms were 
used. Limited focus was done during observation. 
Limited focus is the observation of only one 
element or feature (Büyüköztürk et al, 2016). 
Accordingly, how the bilingual children tried to be 
reached in the research use their mother tongues 
and the other languages (whether or not they use 
code switching) have been carefully examined. 
The communication of students with their peers 
and their teachers has been examined through 
notes. These observations included the student's 
expressions, body language, and physical 
environment. In addition, interviews with teachers 
about the students' relationships with their peers, 
the situation within the classroom and the situation 
within the family constitute the data of the 
research. In the first instance, the researcher's 
presence in the class was a curiosity among some 
students, but the researcher was a regular part of 
the class in the next period. The researcher took