Reading passage-1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13

 
B 
None of this prevented documentaries from being produced, though exactly 
when the process started is open to question. It is often claimed that 
Nanook of the 
North 
was the first documentary. Made by the American filmmaker Robert J. 
Flaherty in 1922, the film depicts the hard, sometimes heroic lives of native 
American peoples in the Canadian Arctic. 
Nanook of the North 
is said to have set off 
a trend that continued though the 1920s with the films of Dziga Vertov in the Soviet 
Union and works by other filmmakers around the world. However, that 1922 
starting point has been disputed by supporters of an earlier date. Among this group 
is film historian Anthony Berwick, who argues that the genre can be traced back as 
early as 1895, when similar films started to appear, including newsreels, scientific 
films and accounts of journeys of exploration. 
 
C 
In the years following 1922, one particular style of documentary started to 
appear. These films adopted a serious tone while depicting the lives of actual 
people. Cameras were mounted on tripods and subjects rehearsed and repeated 
activities for the purposes of the film. British filmmaker John Grierson was an 
important member of this group. Grierson’s career lasted nearly 40 years, beginning 
with 
Drifters
(1929) and culminating with 
I Remember, I Remember
(1968). 
However, by the 1960s Grierson’s style of film was being rejected by the Direct 
Cinema movement, which wanted to produce more natural and authentic films: 
cameras were hand-held; no additional lighting or sound was used; and the subjects 
did not rehearse. According to film writer Paula Murphy, the principles and methods 
of Direct Cinema brought documentaries to the attention of universities and film 
historians as never before. Documentaries started to be recognized as a distinct 
genre worthy of serious scholarly analysis.