Answers and Explanations for Questions 10 through 19
The following are explanations of answers to questions 10 through 19. The heading of each explanation is hyperlinked to the actual question. In addition, each explanation is followed by two hyperlinks: one to the question explained and one to the next question.
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Explanation for question 10.
Choice C is the best answer. The first paragraph discusses the “vast informal economy driven by human relationships” (follow link to sentence 3 of paragraph 1) that existed in the Soviet Union as a result of the gaps in the official economy. Sentence 4 of paragraph 1 states that (follow link) “The Soviet people didn’t plot how they would build these [social] networks.” In this context, the word “plot” means “plan”; the paragraph is implying that the informal economy grew up spontaneously, without premeditation or planning.
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because in this context “plot” does not mean mark, form, or claim.
Link back to question 10.
Link back to question 11.
Explanation for question 11.
Choice B is the best answer. The third paragraph of the passage (follow link) describes how new technologies are affecting new economies, as people are using social media to vet people and businesses through e Bay, Twitter, Facebook, and You Tube. The author uses broad examples (a business in South America, a person in Asia, and a farmer in the reader’s local community) to imply that these technologies have a global reach.
Choice A is incorrect because the passage provides no comment about the quality of products or services. Choice C is incorrect because the passage never alludes to the trustworthiness of online recommendations. Choice D is incorrect because the idea that the new global economy will have only a limited expansion is oppositional to the passage’s main points.
Link back to question 11.
Link back to question 12.
Explanation for question 12.
Choice A is the best answer. The Soviet Union of the 1960s and 1970s was most notable for the disparity between its official economy and a second, unofficial one. The author explains how unwanted items sold at state stores were not the “nice furnishings” found in people’s homes. These “nice furnishings” were a result of the Soviet Union’s unofficial economy driven by social networking, or “relationship driven economics” (follow link to sentence 1 of paragraph 2).
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because the author does not use the discussion of life in the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s to show how technology has changed social conditions, how the Soviet Union was different from other countries, or how important it is to consider historical trends.
Link back to question 12.
Link back to question 13.
Explanation for question 13.
Choice A is the best answer. The third paragraph of the passage (follow link) describes how new technology has impacted the economy. The author states that people can use websites to post descriptions of projects, which means that people can write these descriptions and publish them online.
Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because in this context “post” does not mean transfer, assign, or denounce.
Link back to question 13.
Link back to question 14.
Explanation for question 14.
Choice D is the best answer. The passage explains that socially driven economies create new societies where “amplified individuals—individuals empowered with technologies and the collective intelligence of others in their social network—can take on many functions that previously only large organizations could perform, often more efficiently, at lower cost or no cost at all, and with much greater ease” (follow link to sentence 1 of paragraph 5). It is clear from this sentence that the author views some large organizations as less efficient and more expensive than individuals.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because the passage offers no evidence that the author believes traditional organizations are more innovative, less regulated, or less reliable than individuals.
Link back to question 14.
Link back to question 15.
Explanation for question 15.
Choice D is the best answer. Sentence 1 of paragraph 5 (follow link) explains how socially driven economies are creating societies where individuals no longer rely on traditional organizations to perform specific tasks. Instead, individuals can use technology and social relationships to more efficiently perform these tasks at a lower cost.
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not directly compare individuals to traditional organizations.
Link back to question 15.
Link back to question 16.
Explanation for question 16.
Choice A is the best answer. While the author argues throughout the passage that new technologies benefit modern economies, she also recognizes that some people believe this new technology “distances us from the benefits of face-to-face communication and quality social time” (follow link to sentence 1 of paragraph 6).
Choice B is incorrect because the author provides no evidence of Internet overuse. Choice C is incorrect because the author provides an example of the Soviet Union of the 1960s and 1970s to explain an economic process called “socialstructing.” Choice D is incorrect because the author concludes that socialstructing may ultimately be “opening up new opportunities to create, learn, and share” (follow link to sentence 3 of paragraph 6).
Link back to question 16.
Link back to question 17.
Explanation for question 17.
Choice D is the best answer as it acknowledges that people have identified some risks and drawbacks to using new technology to form social connections. Some people believe that new technology distances users from the advantages of “face-to-face communication and quality social time” (follow link to sentence 1 of paragraph 6).
Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because they do not show that the author recognized counterarguments to her argument. Choices A and B provide examples of the impact and use of the new technologies, and choice C summarizes the benefits of socialstructing.
Link back to question 17.
Link back to question 18.
Explanation for question 18.
Choice C is the best answer. The graph (follow link) shows a steady increase in digital information created and shared in recent years, beginning with less than one zettabyte in 2005 and rising to nearly 8 zettabytes projected for 2015.
Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because they do not summarize the information presented in the graph. Choices A and B provide details that, while likely true, cannot be directly inferred from the information in the graph, and choice D provides a detail from the graph but not a summary of it.
Link back to question 18.
Link back to question 19.
Explanation for question 19.
Choice D is the best answer. The graph (follow link) shows that the amount of digital information projected to be created and shared in 2012 is about 2.5 zettabytes. Since the graph shows a steady increase in the creation and sharing of digital information, and the digital information created and shared in 2011 was approximately 1.75 zettabytes, the graph shows that the 2012 projections passes the 2 zettabyte barrier for the first time.
Choice A is incorrect because the graph shows the projected 2012 numbers to be part of a steady increase consistent with the 2011 and 2013 E numbers. Choice B is incorrect because the graph projects the 2012 number to continue the increase started in 2005. Choice C is incorrect because the 2012 numbers are projected to continue increasing through at least 2015.
Link back to question 19.
This is the end of the answers and explanations for questions 10 through 19. Go on to the next page to begin a new passage.
Questions 20 through 28 are based on the following passage and supplementary material.
This passage is adapted from Tina Hesman Saey, “Lessons from the Torpid.” Copyright 2012 by Society for Science & the Public.
Understanding how hibernators, including ground squirrels, marmots and bears, survive their long winter’s naps may one day offer solutions for problems such as heart disease, osteoporosis and muscular dystrophy.
Nearly everything about the way an animal’s body works changes when it hibernates, and preparations start weeks or months in advance. The first order of business is to fatten up.
“Fat is where it’s at for a hibernator,” says Matthew Andrews, a molecular biologist at the University of Minnesota Duluth who studies 13 lined ground squirrels. “You bring your own lunch with you.” Packing lunch is necessary because the animals go on the world’s strictest diet during the winter, surviving entirely off their white fat. “They have their last supper in October; they don’t eat again until March,” Andrews says.
Bigger fat stores mean a greater chance of surviving until spring. “If they go in really chunky, nice and roly poly, that’s going to be a good hibernator,” he says.
Bears also watch their waistlines expand in the months before settling in for the season. The brown bears cardiologist Ole Fröbert studies pack on the pounds by chowing down on up to 40 kilograms of blueberries a day. Such gluttony among humans could have severe consequences: Obesity is associated with a greater risk of heart attack and diabetes, among other ailments.
To see how fattening up affects Scandinavian brown bears, Fröbert and his colleagues ventured into the wilds of Sweden following signals given off by radio transmitters or G P S devices on tagged bears.
Bears can be dangerous close up. Even hibernating bears can rouse to action quickly, so scientists tracking down bears in the winter use darts to tranquilize the animals from a distance. Scientists studying the bears in the summer tranquilize them from a helicopter.
Once a bear is under the tranquilizer’s influence (which takes about five minutes), the scientists have 60 minutes max to get the animal from its den, weigh and measure it, draw blood samples and do minor surgeries to collect fat and other tissues. The bear is returned to its den by minute 61.
Precious materials collected during this high pressure encounter need to be analyzed within 24 hours, so the researchers often test for levels of cholesterol or certain proteins in the blood while working in the snow or at a nearby research station. A pilot sometimes flies samples from field sites to a lab in Denmark in order to meet the deadline, Fröbert says. Samples such as bones and arteries that can’t be collected from live bears come from bears killed by hunters during the legal hunting season.
Recent analyses revealed that Scandinavian brown bears spend the summer with plasma cholesterol levels considered high for humans; those values then increase substantially for hibernation, Fröbert and his colleagues reported. These “very, very fat” bears with high cholesterol also get zero exercise during hibernation. Lolling about in the den pinches off blood vessels, contributing to sluggish circulation. “That cocktail would not be advisable in humans,” Fröbert says. It’s a recipe for hardened arteries, putting people at risk for heart attacks and strokes.
Even healthy young adult humans can develop fatty streaks in their arteries that make the blood vessels less flexible, but the bears don’t build up such artery hardening streaks. “Our bears, they had nothing,” Fröbert says. It’s not yet clear how the bears keep their arteries flexible, but Fröbert hopes to find some protective molecule that could stave off hardened arteries in humans as well.
Begin skippable figure description.
The figure presents a line graph titled “Total Plasma Cholesterol in Seven Bears.”
The vertical axis at the left of the figure is labeled “Milligrams per deciliter.” Five tick marks are on the axis with grid lines extending horizontally from each tick mark. The lowest, middle, and highest tick marks are labeled 232, 387, and 541, respectively. The second and fourth tick marks are not labeled. A dashed line labeled “maximum desirable level for humans” extends horizontally across the graph slightly below the grid line labeled 232.
The horizontal axis has two tick marks. The left tick mark is labeled “hibernation,” and the right tick mark is labeled “active.” Seven data points are plotted above each tick mark. Seven straight lines are drawn to connect each of the seven pairs of data points.
The approximate values of the end points of each line are as follows.
Line 1: 355 and 225.
Line 2: 465 and 265.
Line 3: 440 and 275.
Line 4: 445 and 275.
Line 5: 410 and 290.
Line 6: 420 and 415.
Line 7: 480 and 415.
End skippable figure description.
Question 20.
The passage is written from the perspective of someone who is
A. actively involved in conducting hibernator research.
B. a participant in a recent debate in the field of cardiology.
C. knowledgeable about advances in hibernator research.
D. an advocate for wildlife preservation.
Answer and Explanation. (Follow link to explanation for question 20.)
Question 21.
It is reasonable to conclude that the main goal of the scientists conducting the research described in the passage is to
A. learn how the hibernation patterns of bears and squirrels differ.
B. determine the role that fat plays in hibernation.
C. illustrate the important health benefits of exercise for humans.
D. explore possible ways to prevent human diseases.
Answer and Explanation. (Follow link to explanation for question 21.)
Question 22.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to question 21?
A. Link to: “Understanding how hibernators, including ground squirrels, marmots and bears, survive their long winter’s naps may one day offer solutions for problems such as heart disease, osteoporosis and muscular dystrophy,” which is sentence 1 of paragraph 1.
B. Link to: “‘Fat is where it’s at for a hibernator,’ says Matthew Andrews, a molecular biologist at the University of Minnesota Duluth who studies 13 lined ground squirrels,” which is sentence 1 of paragraph 3.
C. Link to: “To see how fattening up affects Scandinavian brown bears, Fröbert and his colleagues ventured into the wilds of Sweden following signals given off by radio transmitters or G P S devices on tagged bears,” which is sentence 1 of paragraph 6.
D. Link to: “Once a bear is under the tranquilizer’s influence (which takes about five minutes), the scientists have 60 minutes max to get the animal from its den, weigh and measure it, draw blood samples and do minor surgeries to collect fat and other tissues,” which is sentence 1 of paragraph 8.
Answer and Explanation. (Follow link to explanation for question 22.)
Question 23.
What main effect do the quotations by Andrews in paragraph 3 (follow link) have on the tone of the passage?
A. They create a bleak tone, focusing on the difficulties hibernators face during the winter.
B. They create a conversational tone, relating scientific information in everyday language.
C. They create an ominous tone, foreshadowing the dire results of Andrews’s research.
D. They create an absurd tone, using images of animals acting as if they were human.
Answer and Explanation. (Follow link to explanation for question 23.)
Question 24.
As used in sentence 1 of paragraph 4 (follow link), “stores” most nearly means
A. preservatives.
B. reserves.
C. stacks.
D. shelters.
Answer and Explanation. (Follow link to explanation for question 24.)
Question 25.
Based on the passage, what is Fröbert’s hypothesis regarding why bears’ arteries do not harden during hibernation?
A. The bears’ increased plasma cholesterol causes the arteries to be more flexible.
B. Sluggish circulation pinches off the blood vessels rather than hardening the arteries.
C. Bears exercise in short, infrequent bursts during hibernation, which staves off hardened arteries.
D. Bears possess a molecule that protects against hardened arteries.
Answer and Explanation. (Follow link to explanation for question 25.)
Question 26.
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to question 25?
A. Link to: “Bigger fat stores mean a greater chance of surviving until spring,” which is sentence 1 of paragraph 4.
B. Link to: “The brown bears cardiologist Ole Fröbert studies pack on the pounds by chowing down on up to 40 kilograms of blueberries a day,” which is sentence 2 of paragraph 5.
C. Link to: “Even healthy young adult humans can develop fatty streaks in their arteries that make the blood vessels less flexible, but the bears don’t build up such artery hardening streaks,” which is sentence 1 of paragraph 11.
D. Link to: “It’s not yet clear how the bears keep their arteries flexible, but Fröbert hopes to find some protective molecule that could stave off hardened arteries in humans as well,” which is sentence 3 of paragraph 11.
Answer and Explanation. (Follow link to explanation for question 26.)
Question 27.
What information discussed in paragraph 10 (follow link) is represented by the graph (follow link)?
A. The information in sentence 1 of paragraph 10 (follow link): “Recent analyses revealed that Scandinavian brown bears spend the summer with plasma cholesterol levels considered high for humans; those values then increase substantially for hibernation, Fröbert and his colleagues reported.”
B. The information in sentence 2 of paragraph 10 (follow link): “These ‘very, very fat’ bears with high cholesterol also get zero exercise during hibernation.”
C. The information in sentence 3 of paragraph 10 (follow link): “Lolling about in the den pinches off blood vessels, contributing to sluggish circulation.”
D. The information in sentence 5 of paragraph 10 (follow link): “It’s a recipe for hardened arteries, putting people at risk for heart attacks and strokes.”
Answer and Explanation. (Follow link to explanation for question 27.)
Question 28.
Which statement about the effect of hibernation on the seven bears is best supported by the graph (follow link)?
A. Only one of the bears did not experience an appreciable change in its total plasma cholesterol level.
B. Only one of the bears experienced a significant increase in its total plasma cholesterol level.
C. All of the bears achieved the desirable plasma cholesterol level for humans.
D. The bear with the lowest total plasma cholesterol level in its active state had the highest total plasma cholesterol level during hibernation.
Answer and Explanation. (Follow link to explanation for question 28.)
Answers and explanations for questions 20 through 28 are provided in the next section of this document (pages 49 through 57). You may skip directly to the beginning of the next passage on page 58 (follow link) if you do not want to review answers and explanations now.
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