Relationship between Uncertainty Avoidance Culture, Entrepreneurial Activity and Economic Development
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R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 0.646 a 0.418 0.396 15689.42 Sum of Square df Mean Square F Sig. Regression 9.532 2 4.766 19.362 0,000 a Residual 1.329 54 2.462 Total 2.282 56 Model Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta 1 (Constant) 54058.44 7056.82 7.660 0,000 TEA -1716.73 296.43 -0.601 -5.791 0,000 UAI -194.31 88.80 -0.227 -2.188 0,033 a.Predictors: (Constant), UAI, TEA b.Dependent Variable: GDPPC In the model, Uncertainty Avoidance and TEA effect on economic development is statistically significant (F 19.362; p 0.000) and the dependent variable explanatory power of the independent variables is 0.418. 4. Conclusions Over the last few decades, the interest in cross-national entrepreneurship has steadily increased. The question is why some countries encourage entrepreneurship more than others. To answer this question, researchers have disposed to use either cultural or institutional perspective or both (Nyguen et al., 2009). For example, Stelet. al. (2005) have made a research in 36 countries to measure whether there is a relation between the level of economic development which measured by GDP and the Total Entrepreneurial Activity from GEM Project. In their research result, they proposed that entrepreneurial activity affects economic development at different stages which based on the level of countries’ income. Wennekers et al. (2007) have analyzed 21 OECD countries in 1976, 1990, 2004 by using regression analyses and they have found positive effect uncertainty avoidance on business ownership rates. Osoba (2009) has hypothesized linkages between Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and entrepreneurial activity in the United States. Entrepreneurial breadth, which is simply the existing rate of self-employment, tax rate, state per capita wage and salary, annual state employment rate are used in the study to measure entrepreneurial activity. He has reached only one statistically significant dimension: Uncertainty Avoidance. Contrary to expectations Long Term Orientation and Masculinity dimensions were both statistically significant. Pinillos and Rayes (2011) have stated that relation exists in between individualism-collectivism and early stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA).In their study, the relationship between individualism and entrepreneurial activity was found negative for the comparatively poor countries and positive for the comparatively rich countries. In other studies, the similar relationship has been discussed and found negative relationship between uncertainty avoidance and entrepreneurial activity in developed countries. Valdez et al. (2011) have hypothesized linkages between uncertainty avoidance and opportunistic entrepreneurial behavior (TEA opp ). They found negative correlation between uncertainty avoidance and opportunistic entrepreneurship. Among the three hypotheses proposed in this study the first one which was about economic development level’s effects on the relationship between the uncertainty avoidance culture and the entrepreneurial activity rate, was acceptedwhile the others were rejected. But the countries whose population is over 30million and GDPPC is over $20000 are more developed nations and theircorrelation’s scorebetween UAI and TEA is significantly negative. As a consequence, third hypothesis is moderately accepted. Using a broad sample of 57 countries which participating in the Global Entrepreneurial Monitor project, we certify that despite the uncertainty avoidance level of a country is not |