245
Atmospheric
Radiation
solar radiation fluxes to the total moisture content in comparison with the MT_
CKD model [Chesnokova et al., 2012, 2013]. For the Lower Volga Region the
regression
dependence of the CO
2
radiation forcing on
the total moisture content
is
calculated, and the CO
2
radiative forcing is shown to strongly depend on the
continuum magnitude. The atmospheric conditions are determined, under which
the contribution of the H
2
O continuum due to the interaction of water vapor with
air molecules to the downward radiative fluxes, is maximal [Firsov et al., 2015].
Team of the IAO SB RAS in 2011–2014 carries on the long‑term monitoring
of the total and UV radiation in Tomsk and the Tomsk region, and also in certain
regions of Western Siberia. On the basis of TOR station (56°28’N of 85°03’E),
systematic measurements of total solar radiation and
the integrated intensity of
UF-V radiation have been conducted since April, 1995, and October, 2002, re‑
spectively. Since 2004, IAO SB RAS in cooperation with National institute of
Environmental Research (Japan) has carried out the monitoring of the total solar
radiation and greenhouse and oxidizing components at the Western Siberian net‑
work. Spatial-temporal variability of the total solar radiation in West Siberia
during 2004–2011 was jointly analyzed [Arshinov et al., 2013]. Radiation regime
in Tomsk during 1995–2010 and the influence of a city on the incoming UV ra‑
diation from results of many-year monitoring near Tomsk-city were analyzed in
papers [Belan et al., 2012, 2011]. In paper [Ivlev et al., 2013], dynamics of solar
UV-B and UV-A radiations in Tomsk during ozone anomaly in spring, 2011 was
analyzed and the variability of the UV radiation spectral characteristics depend‑
ing on the total ozone content was estimated.
At MSU, the influence of different factors on different types on biologically
active UV radiation has been estimated [Zhdanova and Chubarova, 2011], new
methods were developed for estimating the UV radiation in winter [Zhdanova et
al., 2013], the spatial distribution of UV radiation and UV resources over terri‑
tory of Northern Eurasia and Russia under different conditions were obtained
[Chubarova and Zhdanova, 2013]. According to the developed methods and
long-term measurements, the UV resources in Moscow were estimated from
1999 till 2013 [Zhdanova, Chubarova, 2014].
Complex studies were fulfilled for estimating the changes in different mete‑
orological and environmental characteristics including the radiative balance and
solar radiation in different spectral intervals over 60 years in Moscow [Chubaro‑
va et al., 2014]. The resources of solar radiation with accounting the current
climate change in the Moscow region are evaluated [Gorbarenko and Shilovtse‑
va, 2013]. Analysis of trends in the long-term variability of total radiation (1955–
2012) indicates an increase in solar power resources in Moscow and region in
early of the XXI century. The coherence of total radiation change tendencies
observable by the Meteorology Observatory MSU with global trend is shown in
paper [Samukova et al., 2014]. A dramatic increase in the values of annual sums
246
Yu. M. Timofeyev, E. M. Shulgina
of radiation balance has been observed since 1994 [Gorbarenko and Abakumova,
2011]. The tendencies toward the increase in radiation balance, longwave bal‑
ance, and atmospheric downward radiation have a diurnal course: the maximum
variations are observed at nighttime in winter months [Gorbarenko, 2014].
4. Aerosol and Radiation Forcing
Extensive laboratory and ground-based measurements of aerosol parameters,
the modeling, and the estimating of the aerosol impact on radiative characteris‑
tics of the atmosphere have been carried out at IAO SB RAS, SPbSU, IAP, MGO.
Laboratory studies of aerosol characteristics under the artificial moistening
(from 1998) and optical and radiative smoke parameters have been conducted
[Rakhimov et al., 2012, 2014] at the IAO SB RAS. Results of multi-year studies
of the aerosol condensation activity in Tomsk are integrated [Panchenko et al.,
2012a; Terpugova et al., 2012]. A new differential analyzer implementing a tech‑
nique for studying the hygroscopic properties of filter-precipitated aerosol particles
out-performing other similar models has been created [Mikhailov et al., 2011] at
the SPbSU. A mass-based hygroscopicity parameter interaction model for efficient
description of concentration-dependent water uptake by atmospheric aerosol par‑
ticles with complex chemical composition is developed [Mikhailov et al., 2013].
Seasonal variations of the ionic composition and the organic and elementary car‑
bon in aerosol probes of Siberian region from 2011 to 2013 and the analysis of
aerosol pollution sources in this region have been analyzed. New information on
hygroscopic characteristics of atmospheric particles with sizes of 10 nm-10 mm is
obtained for the moisture content of 2–99.6% RH [Sviridenkov et al., 2014].
In 2011–2013 the Planeta together with researchers from Kurchatov Institute,
IAO SB RAS and MSU conducted a study of capabilities and
limitations of the
well-known AERONET network for estimations of optical and microphysical
characteristics of coarse aerosol clouds. The quantitative estimates of coarse
particle effect on the accuracy of aerosol parameter retrieval from ground-based
measurements of spectral fluxes of direct and scattered solar radiation were ob‑
tained on the basis of mathematical modeling [Rublev et al., 2011]. The verifi‑
cation of the retrieval algorithm of the well-known AERONET global aerosol
network based on special test models has shown the impossibility of using the
aerosol parameters retrieved by the algorithm in calculations of integral solar
fluxes while dust particles content in the atmosphere is more than two times
higher than their content in widespread CONT model of continental aerosol. The
same is fair for simulation of space spectroscopic IR measurements. The possi‑
bilities for increasing accuracy of the forecast of volcanic aerosol distribution,
based on ground actinometrical measurements data, were considered in [Rublev
et al., 2013]. The numerical forecast concentrations of volcanic ash from