249
Atmospheric
Radiation
Along with the works estimating the radiation forcing of aerosol and other
anthropogenous factors, forming changes of the radiation regime, their impact
on climate changes has been studied. The current state of studies on short-lived
atmospheric constituents (greenhouse gases and aerosols), sources and destruc‑
tion mechanisms, estimates of their content, atmospheric emissions,
and climate
impacts is reviewed [Karol’ et al., 2013]. Indices of factors forming multi-scale
climate changes, rates of their changes and the input in rates of changing the
climatic characteristics are discussed [Karol’ et al., 2011, 2012]. Several factors
forming the Arctic climate have been considered. Model estimates of contribu‑
tion of both sea surface temperature and sea ice extent changes during two peri‑
ods 1980–1989 and 2002–2011 are shown. Also seasonal changes of meridional
energy transport into the high northern latitudes (to north of 70oN) are discussed
[Karol et al., 2014]. The impact of the size distribution and structure of strato‑
spheric sulphate aerosol on its optical parameters and the radiative forcing are
estimated [Frolkis and Kokorin, 2014].
Studies of the photophoretic interaction of aerosol
participles illuminated by
sunlight in the Earth’s rarified atmosphere are carried on at the Siberian Federal
University (SFU) and the IAO. A detailed theoretic investigation has been carried
out for vacuum chamber conditions [Cheremisin and Kushnarenko, 2013] and
for atmospheric conditions [Cheremisin and Kushnarenko, 2014]. Theoretical
analysis of the photophoretic motion of soot particles in the field of solar radia‑
tion under the conditions of stationary atmosphere is performed [Beresnev et al.,
2012]. The hypothesis of photophoretic force sustaining of aerosol layers in the
middle atmosphere has been further developed [Cheremisin et al., 2011a]. Sys‑
tematic lidar observations of aerosol layers in the upper stratosphere and the
mesosphere at altitudes of 35–50 and 60–75 km over Kamchatka [Bychkov et
al., 2011] can be explained by the occurrence of photophoretic force, resulting
in the levitation of aerosol particles at specified altitudes. The transfer of volcan‑
ic origin aerosol [Cheremisin et al., 2011b] and polar stratospheric clouds over
Tomsk [Cheremisin et al., 2012] is identified. The transfer of aerosol formed in
the stratosphere after the falling of Chelyabinsk meteorite on the 15
th
of
February
2013 is traced [Ivanov et al., 2014].
5. Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere
Ground-based studies of the amount of climate-active gases using IR-spec‑
troscopy of direct solar radiation are carried on. Such studies, carried out at
Department of
Physics SPbSU, using ground‑based measurements of IR direct
solar spectra with high spectral resolution allowed to receive a new data on total
contents of greenhouse, ozone-depleting and toxic gases (H
2
O, CH
4
, N
2
O, CO,
CO
2
, C
2
H
6
, CFC‑11, O
3
, HCl, HF, HNO
3
, ClONO
2
, NO
2
) at Peterhof (59.88 °N,
250
Yu. M. Timofeyev, E. M. Shulgina
29.83 °E, 20 m asl.). Many data were obtained for the first time in Russia. These
researches have been directed to:
– studying of temporary variations and long-term trends of climate-active
atmospheric gases [Yagovkina et al., 2011; Virolainen et al., 2011; Makarova et
al., 2011; Polyakov et al., 2011, 2013a, 2014a; Kshevetskaya et al., 2012; Ionov
et al., 2013; Rakitin et al., 2013; Semakin et al., 2013; Timofeyev et al., 2013];
– validation of satellite measurements of various devices [Polyakov et al.,
2013b; Gavrilov et al., 2014a, 2014b; Gavrilov and Timofeev, 2014; Makarova
et al., 2014a];
– comparisons of ground-based measurements with results of numerical
modeling [Makarova et al., 2014b; Virolainen et al., 2014a];
– obtaining the new information on elements of vertical distribution of the
ozone content [Virolainen et al., 2012, 2014b];
– improvement of techniques for interpreting the remote measurements
[Kostsov, 2012, 2013].
Comprehensive program of comparing the different methods for measuring
the water vapor content started at SPbSU; the comparison of IR spectroscopic
method with data of microwave and radiosonde measurements was performed
[Semenov et al., 2014]. Studies of NO
2
and О
3
temporal variations from ground-
based measurements of zenith scattered solar radiation in UV and visible spectral
ranges are carried on, and the measurements are also used for the validation of
different satellite measurements [Makarova et al., 2011b; Ionov and Poberovskii,
2012; Hendrick et al., 2011; Pastel et al., 2013, 2014; Virolainen et al., 2014c].
Measurements of aerosol optical and microphysical characteristics
in the frames
of AERONET network started. The analysis of the quality of the tropospheric
temperature-humidity sounding using the RPG-HATPRO radiometer has shown
that the radiometer gives a possibility to obtain real information for Saint-Peters‑
burg up to the 3–4 km altitudes depending on season [Zaitsev et al., 2014].
At the IAP RAS, continuous combined trace gases
measurements are carried
on over Moscow, Zvenigorod Scientific Station and by a mobile laboratory (the
TROICA experiments). Results of the carbon monoxide total content measure‑
ments by moderate resolution diffraction spectrometers over Moscow and
Zvenigorod for 2005–2008 are compared with the same data sets for Moscow
1986–2005 and Beijing, 1992–2007 [Rakitin et al., 2011]. Results of the 1995–
2008 observations of the concentrations of ozone and nitric oxides in the surface
air over the Trans-Siberian Railway using a mobile laboratory are analyzed
[Pankratova et al., 2011]. The air pollution in the central European part of Russia
during the 2010 summer fires has been analyzed. Ground-based (IAP RAS,
MSU, and Zvenigorod Scientific Station) and satellite (MOPITT, AIRS, of Terra
and Aqua satellites) measurements of the total content and concentration of car‑
bon monoxide (CO), as well as MODIS data on the spatial and temporal