Sapiens: a brief History of Humankind



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Sapiens - A Brief History of Humankind

11
Robert H. Waterston et al., ‘Initial Sequencing and Comparative Analysis of the Mouse Genome’, 
Nature
420:6915 (2002), 520.
12
‘Hybrid Insect Micro Electromechanical Systems (HI-MEMS)’, Microsystems Technology O ce, DARPA,
accessed 
22 
March 
2012,
http://www.darpa.mil/Our_Work/MTO/Programs/Hybrid_Insect_Micro_Electromechanical_Systems_percent28HI-
MEMSpercent29.aspx
. See also: Sally Adee, ‘Nuclear-Powered Transponder for Cyborg Insect’, 
IEEE Spectrum
,
December 2009, accessed 10 December 2010, 
http://spectrum.ieee.org/semiconductors/devices/​nuclearpowered-
transponder-for-cyborg-insect?​utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feedpercent3A​
+IeeeSpectrum+percent28IEEE+​Spectrumpercent29&utm_content=Google+Reader
; Jessica Marshall, ‘The Fly
Who Bugged Me’, 
New Scientist
197:2646 (2008), 40–3; Emily Singer, ‘Send in the Rescue Rats’, 
New Scientist
183:2466 (2004), 21–2; Susan Brown, ‘Stealth Sharks to Patrol the High Seas’, 
New Scientist
189:2541 (2006), 30–
1.
13
Bill Christensen, ‘Military Plans Cyborg Sharks’, 
Live Science
, 7 March 2006, accessed 10 December 2010,
http://www.livescience.com/technology/060307_shark_implant.html
.
14
 ‘Cochlear Implants’, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, accessed 22 March
2012, 
http://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/hearing/pages/coch.aspx
.
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 Retina Implant, 
http://www.retina-implant.de/en/doctors/technology/default.aspx
.
16
 David Brown, ‘For 1st Woman With Bionic Arm, a New Life is Within Reach’, 
Washington Post
, 14 September
2006, 
accessed 
10 
December 
2010, 
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2006/o9/13/AR2006091302271.html?nav=E8
.
17
 Miguel Nicolelis, 
Beyond Boundaries: The New Neuroscience of Connecting Brains and Machines – and How it
Will Change Our Lives
(New York: Times Books, 2011).
18
Chris Berdik, ‘Turning Thought into Words’, 
BU Today
, 15 October 2008, accessed 22 March 2012,
http://www.bu.edu/today/2008/turning-thoughts-into-words/
.
19
 Jonathan Fildes, ‘Arti cial Brain “10 years away” ’, 
BBC News
, 22 July 2009, accessed 19 September 2012,
http://news.bbc.c0.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm
.
20
Radoje Drmanac et al., ‘Human Genome Sequencing Using Unchained Base Reads on Self-Assembling DNA
N a n o a r r a y s ’ , 
Science
327:5961 
(2010), 
78–81; 
‘Complete 
Genomics’ 
website:
http://www.completegenomics.com/
; Rob Waters, ‘Complete Genomics Gets Gene Sequencing under $5000


(Update 1)’, 
Bloomberg
, 5 November 2009, accessed 10 December 2010; 
http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?
pid=newsarchive&sid=aWutnyE4S0Ww
; Fergus Walsh, ‘Era of Personalized Medicine Awaits’, 
BBC News
, last
updated 8 April 2009, accessed 22 March 2012, 
http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/health/7954968.stm
; Leena Rao,
‘PayPal Co-Founder and Founders Fund Partner Joins DNA Sequencing Firm Halcyon Molecular’, 
TechCrunch
, 24
September 2009, accessed 10 December 2010, 
http://techcrunch.com/2009/09/24/paypal-co-founder-and-
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.


Acknowledgements
For their advice and assistance, thanks to: Sarai Aharoni, Dorit Aharonov, Amos Avisar, Tzafrir Barzilai, Noah
Beninga, Suzanne Dean, Caspian Dennis, Tirza Eisenberg, Amir Fink, Sara Holloway, Benjamin Z. Kedar, Yossi
Maurey, Eyal Miller, David Milner, John Purcell, Simon Rhodes, Shmuel Rosner, Rami Rotholz, Michal Shavit,
Michael Shenkar, Idan Sherer, Ellie Steel, Ofer Steinitz, Haim Watzman, Guy Zaslavsky and all the teachers and
students in the World History programme of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
Special thanks to Jared Diamond, who taught me to see the big picture; to Diego Olstein, who inspired me to
write a story; and to Itzik Yahav and Deborah Harris, who helped spread the story around.


Image credits

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