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Corresponding Author: Maria Helena Alves – e-mail – malves@ufpi.edu.br

319

New records of Agaricaceae (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from Araripe

National Forest, Ceará State, Brazil

Nascimento CC

1

and Alves MH

1

Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Parnaíba. Avenida São Sebastião, 2819. CEP 64202-020. Parnaíba, PI,

Brazil

Nascimento CC, Alves MH 2014 – New records of Agaricaceae (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) from

Araripe

Nacional

Forest,

Ceará

State,

Brazil.

Mycosphere

5(2),

319–332,

Doi

10.5943/mycosphere/5/2/6

Abstract

An account is given of some new records of Agaricaceae species collected in fragments of

the Araripe National Forest in the following municipalities of Ceará state: Barbalha, Crato and

Santana do Cariri. As preliminary results, a total of six species belonging to five genera have been

identified: Agaricus stijvei, Chlorophyllum hortense, Cystolepiota seminuda and Lepiota

plumbicolor are new records from the Northeast of Brazil, while Leucocoprinus birnbaumii and

Leucocoprinus fragilissimus are new records from the state of Ceará. Complete morphological

descriptions, notes, drawings and color pictures of the basidiomes are provided.

Key words – Basidiomycetes – mushrooms – Northeast Brazil – taxonomy

Introduction

Agaricaceae Chevall. is a well-known family of Agaricales (Euagaric clade sensu Hibbett

et al., 1997 and Hibbett & Thorn, 2001) with global distribution. It is a monophyletic group of

saprotrophic fungi that exhibits huge diversity in spore colour, and in structure of the pileus

covering (Vellinga 2004). That family is of great scientific interest, comprising symbionts, edible,

poisonous and medicinal species, most of them involved in biotechnological processes (Singer

1986, Alexopoulos et al. 1996, Didukh et al. 2003).

According to Kirk et al. (2008), the family comprises 85 genera and 1.340 species, including

agaricoid (Singer 1986, Redhead et al. 2001), secotioid and gasteroid taxa (Krüger et al. 2001,

Moncalvo et al. 2002). Morphologically, the agaricoid species of Agaricaceae can be recognized by

the following combination of characters: Basidiome pluteoid, lepiotoid or tricholomatoid, rarely

collybioid or mycenoid; lamellae free or rarely adnexed; veil commonly forming a annulus and/or

characteristic squamules on the pileal and stipe surfaces; basidiospores hyaline to pigmented, end

hymenoforal trama regular to subregular (Pegler 1986, Vellinga 2004).

In the last few decades, the progress of recording and describing Agaricaceae species in

Brazil is evident, especially in south and southeastern Brazil. However, many areas of the country

with a fantastic biodiversity remain unexplored and their mycota unknown. To date, few

comprehensive studies have been undertaken to the knowledge of the diversity of this group in

Brazil; for a list of works that record Agaricaceae taxa from Brazil see Wartchow et al. (2008).

Specifically for the Brazilian Northeast, the family have been reported in few fragmented studies,

for example: Batista (1957); Kimbrough et al. (1994); Maia (1998); Maia et al. (2002), Wartchow et

al. (2008), all from Pernambuco state and recently Alves et al. (2012) from Piauí state. Therefore,

Mycosphere 5 (2): 319–332 (2014)

ISSN 2077 7019

www.mycosphere.org

Article

Mycosphere

Copyright © 2014

Online Edition

Doi 10.5943/mycosphere/5/2/6

320

Fig. 1 A–C. A–B Location of Araripe National Forest (ANF), in Northeast Brazil. C–D ANF area

and vegetation in Crato municipality, Ceará state. Pictures and Drawings: A, by Cristiano Coelho

do Nascimento. B, Google Earth 2013. C–D, Archives of Araripe-PPbio Project.

in order to expand knowledge of the Agaricaceae species, this paper presents detailed descriptions

and illustrations, as well as comments on the taxonomy and ecology of six Agaricaceae species

from Araripe National Forest.

321

Materials & Methods

The specimens were collected during forays at the Araripe National Forest, located on the

Araripe Plateau (Chapada do Araripe), in the southern tip of the Ceará state in northeastern Brazil,

covering a total area of 38.626 ha. This protected area crosses the municipalities of Santana do

Cariri, Crato, Jardim and Barbalha and extends from latitudes 07°11‟42” to 07°28‟38” S and

longitudes 39°13‟28” to 39°36‟33” W (Fig.1). The ANF comprises an average annual rainfall about

1,100 mm and rainy season occurring between the months of January and April (IPECE 2012). In

terms of physiognomic attributes, the region is an area of vegetation types associated with the wet

dry tropical climate, within which the highest coverage percentage is represented by the montane

rainforest (humid forest), savanna (cerrado), savanna woodland (cerradão) and carrasco, comprising

transition vegetation types (Austregésilo-Filho et al 2001, IBAMA 2004).

Field collections took place in January 2011. Specimens were collected, documented and

preserved using standard methods (Largent et al. 1986). The material was photographed in the field

using a digital camera and extensive notes on the basidiomes were made before drying.

Microscopic analysis of the material was performed using an Olympus microscope BX41 and Leica

microscope DM500.

All measurements and colors reported for microscopic features were made from dried

material rehydrated in 96% ethanol followed by distilled water + 1% Congo red, 3% KOH, or

Melzer‟s reagent. At least 25 measurements were made of each microstructure. Spore statistics data

follows the methodology proposed by Largent & Abell-Davis (2011), slightly modified by Alves &

Nascimento (2012) and include: arithmetic means (x

) of basidiospore lengths and widths ±

standard deviation measured for n objects; quotient of basidiospore length by spore width (E)

indicated as a range variation in n objects measured; the mean of E-values (Q) ± standard

deviations. The sample size (n) = total number of basidiospores measured (x) divided by the

number of basidiomata studied (y), as shown in the formula n = x/y.

Colour-codes are adopted from the Methuen Handbook of colour (Kornerup & Wanscher

1978). The documented material has been deposited at the Herbarium Delta (HDELTA),

Department of Biology, Federal University of Piauí, Campus Parnaíba.

Results and Discussion

Agaricus stijvei de Meijer, Macrofungos notáveis das Florestas de Pinheiro-do-Paraná: 302 (2009)

Fig. 2

Basidiomes dispersed, pluteoid. Pileus 42–65 mm, at first truncately conical then expanding

to plano-convex, becoming plane to slightly concave; surface grayish orange (5AB5), pale brown

(7D5) at centre, dry, densely fibrillose with radiating innate fibrils, not squamulose. Context in

pileus, whitish (1A1), unchanging, thin, up to 5 mm thick near the stipe but much thinner over the

lamellae. Lamellae crowded, free, subventricose, up to 4 mm broad, at first pure white (1A1),

becoming brown (7E4), and finally dark brown (7F5). Stipe 48–65 × 4–7.3 mm, central, cylindrical,

expanding below into a basal bulb, hollow; surface entirely pure white (1A1), base quickly turning

light yellow (1A2) when pressed or bruised; smooth-fibrillose, slightly striate; annulus attached to

the middle part of the stipe, descending, pure white (1A1), membranous, simple, with a floccose

inner edge. Spore print dark brown (7F5). Odor mild. Taste not checked.

Basidiospores 4.3–4.8 × 3–3.7 µm (x

= 4.55 ± 0.9 × 3.35 ± 0.4 µm; E = 1.30–1.43; Q =

1.37 ± 0.192; n = 25/2), broadly ellipsoid, smooth, wall 0.4 µm thick, without germ pore and

without apical thickening, brown. Basidia 19–25 × 6–8.5 µm clavate, bearing four sterigmata.

Lamella-edge sterile, with crowded cheilocystidia. Cheilocystidia 30–50.2 × 7–13 µm, always

catenate, slightly clavate, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama

composed of, hyaline, thin-walled hyphae, 3.5–14.5 µm broad, the thinner ones strictly cylindrical,

broader ones up to 90 µm in length and attenuated at the septa. Pileipellis consisting of cylindrical,

regularly transverse septate, smooth, thin-walled hyphae, 4.3–8 µm broad, with intracellular

granulose brownish yellow pigment, slightly constricted at the septa. Clamp-connexions absent.

322

Fig. 2 A–E – Agaricus stijvei. A, Basidiome with annulus evident. B, Basidiospores. C, Basidia. D,

Cheilocystidia. E, Pileipellis Bars: 10 μm. Photo: Maria Helena Alves. Drawings: Cristiano Coelho

do Nascimento.

Known distribution – Brazil: Paraná (Maijer 2008) and Ceará (new record).

Material examined – Brazil, Ceará State, Santana do Cariri, Araripe National Forest,

growing solitary on soil, 26 Jan 2011, M.H. Alves & C.C Nascimento, 029/11 (HDELTA).

Notes – Our collection of Agaricus stijvei from ANF looks strongly similar to the holotype

description by Meijer (2008) from Paraná; however slightly smaller basidiospores (4–4.5 × 3–3.5

µm) and cheilocystidia (8–30 × 6–9 µm) are observed in the type protologue.

According to Meijer (2008), this species of subgen. Agaricus seems to be best placed in

section Xanthodermatei Singer, on account of the quickly yellowing stipe surface, membranous

annulus and poorly developed general veil. It is somewhat aberrant, nonetheless, because the inner

edge of the annulus is smooth, instead of floccose-scaly as in most species of the section. Our

collection from ANF clearly presents an annulus with a floccose inner edge, suggesting this might

be a variable character.

Agaricus endoxanthus Berk. & Broome (sect. Xanthodermatei), from Trinidad and Lesser

Antilles, is remarkably similar to A. stijvei in its densely fibrillose pileus surface, whitish to

chocolate brown hymenophore, stipe base quickly discolouring yellow on bruising, and pileal

surface consisting of cylindrical, regularly transverse septate, smooth, thin-walled hyphae.

However, A. endoxanthus differs by the less bulbous stipe base, longer basidiospores [5–6× 3–

3.5μm (x

= 5.3 ± 0.32 × 3.2 ± 0.18 µm; Q = 1.64)], and shorter cheilocystidia (14– 18 × 8–10 μm)

(Pegler 1983).

Agaricus stijvei was described by Meijer (2008) from Paraná and now it is a first record

from the Northeast Brazil.

Chlorophyllum hortense (Murrill) Vellinga, Mycotaxon, 83: 416 (2002) Fig. 3

Basidiomes medium to large in size, fleshy, lepiotoid. Pileus 45–78 mm broad, at first ovoid

to conic-campanulate then expanding to plano-convex with a distinct umbo; surface whitish (1A1)

with a yellowish umbo (3A3, 4A3, 4A4), dry, surface breaking up into flat, appressed, irregularly

shaped scales, more densely packed toward disk, scattered and detersile toward the margin, radially

oriented; scales whitish (1A1) to cream color (4A2) on whitish (1A1) background; margin thin,

323

Fig. 3 – A–E – Chlorophyllum hortense. A, Basidiomes. B, Basidiospores. C, Basidia. D,

Cheilocystidia. E, Trichodermial elements Bars: 10 μm. Photo: Maria Helena Alves. Drawings:

Cristiano Coelho do Nascimento.

substriate to striate, fringed. Context in pileus, thin, about 4.5 mm at the disk, whitish (1A1),

becoming somewhat vinaceous red on bruising or exposure, consisting of hyaline, thin-walled,

inflating hyphae, 3.5–22.5 µm diam., septa hardly ever bearing clamp-connexions. Lamellae free,

subventricose, crowded to very crowded, whitish, concolorous edge, up to 5.5 mm broad, with

lamellulae of several lengths. Stipe 45–80 × 4–6 mm, central, cylindrical, expanding below into a

basal bulb, fistulose; surface whitish (1A1), smooth, glabrous, with a strong reddening (7B6)

reaction when pressed, cut or bruised; annulus witish (1A1), superior, persistent, membranous,

double. Spore print white (1A1). Odor and taste not checked.

Basidiospores 9.5–12 × 7–8.3 µm (x

= 10.75 ± 1.2 × 7.65 ± 0.7 µm; E = 1.36–1.45; Q =

1.40 ± 0. 242; n = 25/4), ellipsoid to ovoid, hyaline, dextrinoid, without a germ pore, thick-walled

(about 0.6 µm), metachromatic in Cresyl blue. Basidia 20–32 × 6–10.5 µm, clavate, hyaline, 2–

spored basidia, sterigmata up to 6.9 µm long. Lamella-edge sterile, with abundant cheilocystidia.

Cheilocystidia 39–60.7 × 5–8.5, cylindrical to narrowly clavate, rare mucronate, slightly sinuous,

sometimes constricted, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama regular,

hyaline, consisting of thin-walled hyphae, 3–8 µm diam., including some scattered oleiferous

hyphae with golden yellow content. Subhymenial layer well developed, 9–15.4 µm wide. Pileipellis

a subhymeniform layer of long-clavate to cylindro-clavate elements, sometimes mucronate,

terminal cells 60–115.5 × 9.8–16.5 µm, thin-walled.

Known distribution – has a wide (sub-) tropical distribution (Pegler 1983, Aberdeen 1992,

Akers & Sundberg 1997, Vellinga 2003).

Material examined – Brazil, Ceará State, Santana do Cariri, Araripe National Forest,

growing scattered on dung, compost soil, 26 Jan 2011, M.H. Alves and C.C Nascimento, 032/11

(HDELTA).

324

Notes – Chlorophyllum hortense is characterized by medium to large-sized, whitish

basidiomes with whitish squames on the pileus and a yellowish umbo, a strong reddening reaction

when the stipe is pressed, cut or bruised, a double annulus, spores without a germ pore, 2-spored

basidia, cylindrical cheilocystidia and rare clamp-connexions (Vellinga 2003).

Molecular work by Vellinga et al. (2003) has shown that the species belongs to the same

clade as Chlorophyllum molybdites and C. rachodes and a position within Leucoagaricus was ruled

out.

Chlorophyllum hortense was previously reported in Brazil by Sobestiansky (2005) from Rio

Grande do Sul State. The present collection is the first record from the Northeast Brazil, occurring

on dung, compost enriched soil.

Cystolepiota seminuda (Lash) Bon Documents Mycologiques 6(24): 43 (1976) Fig. 4

Basidiomes small in size, slender, lepiotoid. Pileus 19–25 mm broad, conic-campanulate

when young, then plano-convex to applanate or with a poorly defined umbo; surface white-

powdered (1A1), becoming pale pink (7A2) when pressed, covered with small, granulose, whitish

to slightly cream (4A2) squamules, and a pale clay disk; margin with hanging veil remnants.

Context in pileus thin, whitish (1A1), of loosely woven, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae, 2–5 µm diam.,

with clamp-connexions. Lamellae free, crowded to very crowded,whitish (1A1) to pale pinkish

(7A2), with lamellulae of several lengths, edges smooth. Stipe 25–45 × 2–4 mm, central,

cylindrical, hollow, equal with a bulbous base; surface whitish (1A1) to slightly vinaceous,

powdery mealy; annulus snow-white (1A1), evanescent, attached to the upper third of the stipe.

Spore print white (1A1). Odor and taste not checked.

Basidiospores 3.5–5 × 2.7–3.4 µm (x

= 4.25 ± 0.47 × 3 ± 0.56 µm; E = 1.30–1.47; Q =

1.38 ± 0.223; n = 25/3), broadly ellipsoid, sometimes slightly cylindric, hyaline, smooth, lacking a

germ-pore, non-dextrinoid. Basidia 19–28 × 8−13.5 µm, hyaline, clavate, bearing four sterigmata,

up to 3 µm long. Lamella-edge with scattered cheilocystidia. Cheilocystidia rare, difficult to

observe, (14−)18–28 × 5–9 µm, clavate, hyaline, thin-walled.

Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis a

disrupted epithelium of hyaline, smooth, thin-walled, subglobose to globose sphaerocysts, 10–28

µm diam., with a loose or catenulate arrangement.

Known distribution – South America (Guzmán & Guzmán-Davalos 1992, Albuquerque et

al. 2010), Asia (Chou 2010, Asef & Muradov 2012), Europe (Bon 1981, Candusso & Lanzoni

1990, Breitenbach & Kränzlin 1995).

Material examined – Brazil, Ceará State, Crato, Araripe National Forest, growing in pairs on

humous soil, 25 Jan 2011, collectors: M.H. Alves and C.C Nascimento, 020/11 (HDELTA).

Notes – This small mushroom was mainly distinguished by the white pileus, becoming pale

pink when pressed, mealy coating of fruit body, non-dextrinoid basidiospores, and the pileipellis

composed of globose cells. These features are diagnostic of the material herein recognized as

Cystolepiota seminuda, and match the description present in Candusso & Lanzoni (1990),

Albuquerque et al. (2010), Chou (2010) and Asef & Muradov (2012) for this especies.

This delicate, white-powdered mushroom prefers neutral to base rich or calcium rich soils

(Kreisel 1987), and occurs sometimes on ruderal and other substitute places (gardens, parks) rather

on non-fertilized soils (Ludwig 2001). Our collection was recorded growing on black humus

enriched ground at Araripe National Forest, Crato, confirming its preference for enriched soils.

The type collection of Lepiota rufipes Morgan was studied by Vellinga (2010), and L.

rufipes was placed in synonymy with C. seminuda. On type study of L. rufipes in the ISC

herbarium, Vellinga (2010) documented macro- and micromorphological features congruent with

our findings for present collection, although she emphasized that cheilocystidia were not observed.

Indeed C. seminuda is commonly described not possessing cystidia (Candusso & Lanzoni 1990,

Chou 2010, Asef & Muradov 2012); however, narrowly clavate cheilocystidia are mentioned by

Vellinga & Huijser (1999) and Albuquerque et al. (2010). The fresh analysis of our material

revealed inconspicuous cheilocystidia, mostly narrowly clavate, which were not observed in the

dried material after rehydration.

325

Fig. 4 A–F – Cystolepiota seminuda. A–B Basidiomes. C Basidiospores. D Basidia. E

Cheilocystidia. F Elements of pileus covering. Bars: 10 μm. Photos: Maria Helena Alves.

Drawings: Cristiano Coelho do Nascimento.

Cystolepiota seminuda was previously reported in Brazil from the States of Rio Grande do

Sul (Rick, 1937; Putzke, 1994) and

Rio de Janeiro (Albuquerque et al. 2010). The present collection

is the first record from the Northeast Brazil.

Lepiota plumbicolor (Berk. & Broome) Sacc., Sylloge Fungorum, 4: 63 (1887)

Fig. 5

Basidiomes small in size, lepiotoid. Pileus 25–30 mm broad, conic-campanulate when

young, then expanding to plano-convex, slightly raised at the centre, sometimes with a distinct

central umbo; surface greyish brown (7D2) to violet brown (11E5) at the centre, yellowish white

(4A2) elsewhere, scaly; squamules, repent, light brown (6D5) which are concentrated at the disk

but sparse at the margin; margin straight, entire, sometimes splitting at maturity. Context in pileus

greyish white (1A1) to slightly yellowish (1A2), up to 2.5 mm thick at the disk but much thinner

over the lamellae. Lamellae free, subcrowded, ventricose, yellowish white (2A2), with lamellulae of

several lengths, edge concolorous, pruinose. Stipe 28–37 × 2–3.2 mm, central, cylindrical, equal or

expanding slightly at the base, with a subbulbous base, hollow; surface concolorous with the pileus,

pruinose fibrillose; annulus whitish, fragile, attached to the upper third of the stipe, soon

evanescent. Spore print white (1A1). Odor and taste not checked.

Basidiospores 6.8–9.8 × 3.5–5 µm (x

= 8.3 ± 0.5 × 4.25 ± 0.4 µm; E = 1.94–1.96; Q = 1.95

± 0.192; n = 25/2), elongate ellipsoid, hyaline, thin-walled, dextrinoid. Basidia (15- 17.5–28.5 × 5–

8 µm, clavate, sometimes clavate-cylindric, hyaline, thin walled, bearing four sterigmata up to 3

µm. Lamella-edge sterile, with abundant cheilocystidia. Cheilocystidia 25–39.5 × 5–8 µm,

crowded, clavate-cylindric, pedicellate with clamp-connexions, hyaline, thin-walled. Pleurocystidia

absent. Hymenophoral trama parallel, hyaline. Pileipellis a trichodermial palisade formed of septate,

elongate clavate to short clavate terminal elements, in size, with rounded apices, often with clamp-

connexions at the septa, containing a brown vacuolar pigment and a slightly thickened pale brown

wall.

Known distribution – South America (Rick, 1961), Asia (Pegler 1972, 1986, Kumari et al.

2012, Farook et al. 2013).

Material examined – Brazil, Ceará State, Crato, Araripe National Forest, growing solitary on

soil, 24 Jan 2011, collectors: M.H. Alves and C.C Nascimento, 010/11 (HDELTA).

Notes – The above collection can be recognized by the following combination of characters:

miniature stature, pileus greyish to purplish at the centre, yellowish white elsewhere, dextrinoid

basidiospores, clamped cheilocystidia and pileipellis a trichodermial palisade formed of septate,

elongate clavate to short clavate terminal elements.

326

Fig. 5 A–E – Lepiota plumbicolor. A, Basidiomes. B, Basidiospores. C, Basidia. D, Cheilocystidia.

E, Pileipellis elements. Bars: 10 μm. Photo: Maria Helena Alves. Drawings: Cristiano Coelho do

Nascimento.

This species was previously placed in the sect. Anomalae Locq., owing to the failure to

observe clamp-connexions on the context hyphae by Pegler (1972). A re-examination by Pegler

(1986) has revealed conspicuous clamp-connexions on the hyphae which form the stipe squamules

so that species was more correctly placed on sect. Ovisporae (J. Lange) Kuehner. In our collection

the clamp-connexions were observed only on the pileipellis terminal elements and in the

cheilocystidia base, confirming the placement of Lepiota plumbicolor in the sect. Ovisporae.

The present collection is the first record for the species from Brazilian Northeast. It was

reported before from the Rio Grande do Sul state (Rick 1961).

Leucocoprinus birnbaumii (Corda) Singer, Sydowia, 15 (1-6): 67 (1962)

Fig. 6

Basidiomes small to medium in size, lepiotoid. Pileus 15–65 mm broad, at first narrowly conical,

then becoming plano-convex to applanate, with a truncated apex then expanding but retaining a

more or less distinct umbo; surface mostly light yellow (1A5) to greyish yellow (1B3), sometimes

deep yellowish (2A8), floccose squamulose; squamules repent, loose, concolorous, concentrated at

the disk but sparse at the margin; margin thin, slightly plicate-striate until the half-way or less to the

disk. Context in pileus fleshy, thin, concolorous with the pileus, unchanging, consisting of hyaline,

inflated hyphae, 3.3–12.2 µm diam., with a slightly thickened wall. Lamellae free, subcrowded to

crowded, concolorous with the pileus surface, thin, with lamellulae. Stipe 45–85 × 4–7 mm, central,

hollow, cylindrical, slightly expanding toward the swollen base (about 15 mm); surface concolorous

with the pileus, often sparsely floccose towards base; annulus superior, membranous, ascending,

evanescent, concolorous with the stipe. Spore print white (1A1). Odor mild. Taste not checked.

Basidiospores (7.3-) 8–10.5(-11.5) × 5–7.5(-8.0) µm (x

= 9.25 ± 1.2 × 6.25 ± 0.55 µm; E =

1.4–1.6; Q = 1. 5 ± 0.242; n = 25/3), ovoid to ellipsoid, truncated at the apex, with a distinct germ-

pore, hyaline, thick-walled, dextrinoid, metachromatic with Cresyl blue. Basidia 25–38.5 × 7.5–11(-

13) µm, clavate, hyaline, thin walled, bearing four sterigmata up to 4 µm. Lamella-edge sterile, with

abundant cheilocystidia. Cheilocystidia 25–39.5 × 5–8 µm, with various formats (strongly clavate,

ventricose, piriform, lageniform), sometimes with a mucronate apex hyaline, thin-walled.

Pleurocystidia absent. Hymenophoral trama regular, consisting of thin-walled, hyaline hyphae, 3.5–

11.5 µm diam. Pileipellis an epicutis of interwoven, branched chains of hyphal elements, 30–120 ×

7–12 µm, soon becoming disrupted, hyaline, thin-walled.

327

Fig. 6 A–E – Leucocoprinus birnbaumii. A, Basidiome. B, Basidiospores. C, Basidia. D,

Cheilocystidia. E, Pileus covering hyphae. Bars: 10 μm. Photo: Maria Helena Alves. Drawings:

Cristiano Coelho do Nascimento.

Known distribution – Europe (Bon 1981, Breitenbach & Kränzlin 1995, Candusso &

Lanzoni 1990, Vellinga 2001). Asia (Pegler 1972, 1986, Wasser 1993, Pushpa & Purushothama

2011), Africa (Heinemann 1977, Pegler 1977). Americas (Dennis 1970, Guzmán-Dávalos &

Guzmán 1982, Raithelhuber 1987, Pegler 1983, 1997, Meijer 2001, 2006, Wright & Albertó 2002,

Albuquerque et al. 2006, Rother & Silveira 2008, 2009).

Material examined – Brazil, Ceará State, Barbalha, Araripe National Forest, growing

solitary on soil, 26 Jan 2011, collectors: M.H. Alves and C.C Nascimento, 040/11 (HDELTA).

Notes – Leucocoprinus birnbaumii is a typical species of Leucocoprinus Pat. (Tribe

Leucocoprineae Singer) and is a common and conspicuous agaric throughout the tropical and

subtropical areas of the world (Pegler 1986, Candusso & Lanzoni 1990, Vellinga 2001). This

mushroom is characterized by its light yellow to greyish yellow pileus, white spore print, spores

metachromatic, dextrinoid, thick-walled, truncated with distinct germ-pore and presence of

cheilocystidia. Leucocoprinus sulphurellus Pegler, a yellowish agaric known from Caribbean area

differs by smaller basidiospores and gills that bruise bright blue-green (Pegler 1983). The studied

specimens are the first record for the species from the State of Ceará Brazil.

Leucocoprinus fragilissimus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) Pat., Essai Tax. Hyménomyc. (Lons-le-

Saunier): 171 (1900)

Fig. 7

Basidiomes small in size, extremely fragile. Pileus 20–40 mm broad, membranous, at first

narrowly conical, then expanding to applanate and finally plano-concave to depressed in mature

specimens; surface dry, whitish (1A1) or somewhat yellowish white (1A2), almost translucent, with

a yellowish disk (4C4), plicate striate almost to the disk, covered by minute, loose granuloso-

furfuraceous squamules which are sometimes removed by weathering. Contex in pileus very thin.

Lamellae free, membranous, remote, narrow, at first white (1A1) becoming yellowish white (1A2;

1A3) in some old specimens, subcrowded to crowded with few lamellulae. Stipe 45–90 × 2–3 mm,

central, cylindric, hollow, glabrous, silky-striate, sometimes slightly enlarged toward the apex;

328

Fig. 7 A–E – Leucocoprinus fragilissimus. A–C, Basidiomes. D, Basidiospores. E, Basidia. F,

Elements of the pileipellis. – Bars: 10 μm. Photos: Maria Helena Alves. Drawings: Cristiano

Coelho do Nascimento.

surface white (1A1) or yellowish (1A2) with floccose squamules below the middle zone of the

stipe. Annulus present, extremely fragile and evanescent, whitish (1A1) and attached to the middle

part of the stipe. Spore print not checked. Odor distinct but unidentifiable. Taste unknown.

Basidiospores (8.2-) 8.5–12 × (5.2-) 5.5–8.5 µm (x

= 10.3 ± 1.1 × 7 ± 0.6 µm; E = 1.35–

1.62; Q = 1.48 ± 0.142; n = 25/3), broadly ellipsoid, smooth, thick-walled, hyaline, sometimes pale

yellowish, truncated by a broad germ-pore, dextrinoid, metachromatic. Basidia (18-) 20–26 × 7–12

µm, clavate, hyaline, thin walled, bearing four sterigmata up to 3 µm. Cheilocystidia and

Pleurocystidia absent. Pileipellis an epicutis of irregular, thin-walled, hyaline hyphae, 3–6 µm

diam., mixed with loose, hyaline sphaerocysts, 13.5–32.5 (-36) µm diam. All hyphae lack clamp-

connexions.

Known distribution – Africa (Heinemann 1977), America (Morgan 1907, Theissen 1912,

Rick 1961, Reid et al. 1981, Smith & Weber 1982, Pegler 1983, 1997, Capelari & Maziero 1988,

Kimbrough 2000, Franco-Molano et al. 2000, Halling & Mueller 2005, Albuquerque et al. 2006,

Meijer 2006, 2008, Rother & Silveira 2009), Asia (Patouillard 1892, Pegler 1972, 1986, Hongo

1986, Yang 2000, Pushpa & Purushothama 2011), Europe (Bon 1981, Cadusso & Lanzoni 1990,

Ballero & Contu 1991).

Material examined – Brazil, Ceará State, Barbalha, Araripe National Forest, growing

solitary on soil, 26 Jan 2011, collectors: M.H. Alves and C.C Nascimento, 042/11 (HDELTA).

Notes – According Pegler (1983) this is probably a common pantropical species but rarely collected

owing to the extremely delicate, almost deliquescent, consistency of the basidiome. The

329

distinguishing feature of this collected specimen is its white pileus, with yellow disk, fragile,

translucent, plicate, long hollow stipe, spores white, metachromatic, thick walled, dextrinoid, with a

germ pore. Leucocoprinus tenellus Pegler, an extremely delicate agaric known from Caribbean

obviously closely related to L. fragilissimus and differs by larger basidiospores and absence of any

yellow pigmentation (Pegler 1983). The studied specimens are the first record for the species from

the State of Ceará Brazil.

Acknowledgements

This study was partly supported by Programa Biodiversidade do Semiárido – PPBio

grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq. The

Universidade Federal do Piauí – UFPI

for the technical support and IBAMA (Instituto Brasileiro do

Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis) which allowed the collection in the Araripe

National Forest.

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