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page 7
READING TEST
Part 1
Read the text. Fill in each gap with ONE word. You must use a word which is somewhere
in the rest of the text.
Elephants sense ‘danger’ clothes
St Andrews University researchers discovered that elephants could recognise the degree of
danger posed by various groups of individuals. The study found
that African elephants
always reacted with fear when they detected the smell of clothes previously worn by men
of the Maasai tribe. They are known to demonstrate their courage by spearing
1
_____________. The elephants also responded aggressively to red clothing, which defines
traditional Maasai dress.
However, the elephants showed
a much milder reaction to
2
_____________ previously
worn by the Kamba people, who do not hunt elephants and pose little threat.
The
3
_____________ first
presented elephants with clean, red clothing and with red
clothing that had been worn for five days by either a Maasai or a
4
_____________ man.
They revealed that Maasai-smelt clothing motivated elephants to travel significantly faster
in the first minute after they moved away.
They then investigated whether elephants could also use the colour of clothing as a cue to
classify a potential threat and found the elephants
5
_____________ with aggression when
they spotted red but not white cloth. This suggested that they
associated the colour red
with the Maasai.
The researchers believe the distinction in the elephants’ emotional reaction to smell and
6
_____________ might be explained by the amount of risk they sense. They might be able
to distinguish among different human groups according to the level of risk they posed.
«We regard this experiment as just a start to investigating precisely how elephants ‘see the
world’, and it may be that their abilities will turn out to equal or exceed those of our closer
relatives, the
monkeys and apes,»
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