C H A P T E R F O U R T E E N
Market and Man
T
o separate labor from other activities of life and to subject it to
the laws of the market was to annihilate all organic forms of exis-
tence and to replace them by a different type of organization, an atom-
istic and individualistic one.
Such a scheme of destruction was best served by the application of
the principle of freedom of contract. In practice this meant that the
noncontractual organizations of kinship, neighborhood, profession,
and creed were to be liquidated since they claimed the allegiance of the
individual and thus restrained his freedom. To represent this principle
as one of noninterference, as economic liberals were wont to do, was
merely the expression of an ingrained prejudice in favor of a definite
kind of interference, namely, such as would destroy noncontractual
relations between individuals and prevent their spontaneous refor-
mation.
This effect of the establishment of a labor market is conspicuously
apparent in colonial regions today. The natives are to be forced to
make a living by selling their labor. To this end their traditional insti-
tutions must be destroyed, and prevented from reforming, since, as a
rule, the individual in primitive society is not threatened by starvation
unless the community as a whole is in a like predicament. Under the
kraal-land system of the Kaffirs, for instance, "destitution is impossi-
ble: whosoever needs assistance receives it unquestioningly."* No
Kwakiutl "ever ran the least risk of going hungry."
1
" "There is no starva-
tion in societies living on the subsistence margin."* The principle of
freedom from want was equally acknowledged in the Indian village
* Mair, L. P.,
An African People in the Twentieth Century, 1934.
1
Loeb, E. M., "The Distribution and Function of Money in Early Society," in
Essays
in Anthropology, 1936.
* Herskovits, M. J.,
The Economic Life of Primitive Peoples, 1940.
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