The wonder that was india

tr. Translated by.

I, II, III Volume numbers.

A NOTE FOR THE READER WHO WISHES TO READ FURTHER

The present work is based on contemporary Persian and Arabic sources; sources in regional languages have also been used. Since the book is intended primarily for those who know no Arabic or Persian, reference is made to English translations wherever possible. In the notes to each chapter, the names of authors and books are only briefly mentioned if their full names, titles, and publishing details appear in any section of the bibliography.

The following general histories deal mainly with political events

318

but also discuss matters of social, economic, and cultural interest. The histories on dynasties and monarchs mentioned in relation to Chapters I, II, and III also consider social, economic, and cultural topics. But neither the general histories nor the works listed for Chapters I, II, and III have been repeated in the bibliographies for Chapters IV to VII. Similarly, works cited for Chapters IV to VII also refer to political events although they have not been mentioned in the bibliographies of Chapters I, II, and III.

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

General Histories in Persian

Bada'uni, Mulla 'Abdu'l-Qadir, Muntakhabu't-tawarikh, Calcutta, 1864; Engl. tr.I, G. S. A. Ranking, Calcutta, 1885-9; II, W. H. Lowe, Calcutta 1884-98; III, T. W. Haig, Calcutta, 1899-1925.

Firishta, M. Qasim Hindu Shah, Gulshan-i Ibrahimi or Tarikh-I Firishta, Kanpur, 1884; Engl. tr. J. Briggs, Calcutta, 1908-10, reprint.

Khafi Khan, Muhammad Hashim, Muntakhabu'l-lubab, Calcutta, 1860-74; Engl. tr. summarized Annees Jahan Syed, Aurangzib, Bombay, 1977.

Nizamu'd-Din Ahmad, Khwaja, Tabaqat-i Akbari, Calcutta, 1913-31; Engl. tr. B. De, Calcutta, 1913-40.

Sujan Ray Bhandari, Munshi, Khulasatu't-tawarikh, Delhi, 1918.

Modem Works in English

Ahmad, Aziz, Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment, Oxford, 1964.

Elliot, H. M. and Dowson, J., History of India as Told by its Own Historians (the Muhammedan Period), 8 vols., London, 1866-77; Allahabad, 1964, reprint.

Hodivala, S. H., Studies in Indo-Muslim History - Critical Commentary on Elliot and Dowson's 'History of India as Told by its Own Historians', I, Bombay, 1939; II (Supplement), Bombay, 1957.

Ikram Sh. M., Muslim Civilization, ed. T. Embree Ainslie, New York, 1969.

––, and Rashid, Sh. A., History of Muslim Civilization in India and Pakistan, Lahore, 1962.

Mujeeb, M., The Indian Muslims, London, 1969.

319

Bibliographical Works

Blochet, E., Catalogue des manuscrits persons de la Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, 1905-12.

Brockelmann, C. B., Geschichte der arabischen litteratur, Weimar-Berlin, 1898-1902.

Ethe, H. E., Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the Library of the India Office, Oxford, 1902, 1937.

Morley, W. H. M., A Descriptive Catalogue of the Historical Manuscripts in the Arabic and Persian Languages Preserved in the Library of the Royal Asiatic Society, London, 1854.

Muqtadir, Maulavi 'Abdu'l, Catalogue of the Arabic and Persian Manuscripts in the Oriental Public Library at Bankipore, Patna, 1903, 1937.

Rieu, C. R., Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the British Museum, London, 1879-83.

––, Supplement to the Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the British Museum, London, 1895.

Sachau, C. E., and Ethe, H. E., Catalogue of the Persian Manuscripts in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, 1889.

Storey, C. A., Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, London, 1953, 1970.

I : THE ARABS AND THE TURKS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Contemporary Persian Sources

'Afif, Shams-i Siraj, Tdrikh-i Firuz Shahi, Calcutta, 1888-91; Engl. tr. Elliot and Dowson, III, pp. 271-373, abridged.

Amir Khusraw Dihlawi, Qiranu's-sa'dayn, Aligarh, 1918; Engl. abstract.

––, E. B. Cowell, JASB, 1860, pp. 225-39.

––, Mifhaiu'l-futuh, Aligarh, n.d.

––, Khaza'inu'l-futuh, Calcutta, 1953; Eng. tr. Muhammad Habib, Bombay, 1931, abstract.

––, Diwal Rani Khizr Khan, Aligarh, 1917; Engl. tr. Elliot and Dowson, III, pp. 544-57, abstract.

––, Nuh Sipihr, Bombay, 1931, Engl. tr. Elliot and Dowson, III, pp. 557-66, abstract.

––, Tughluq-ndma, Hyderabad, 1933.

Barani, Ziya'u'd-Din, Tarikh-i Firuz Shahi, Calcutta, 1860-2; Eng.

320

tr. A. R. Fuller, JASB, 1869, pp. 181-220; P. Whalley, JASB, 1870, pp. 1-51; 1871, pp. 185-216; Auckland Colvin, JASB, 1871, pp. 217-47. Incomplete.

al-Bayhaqi, Abu'1-Fazl, Tarikh-i Bayhaqi, Calcutta, 1861-62; Engl. tr. Elliot and Dowson, II, pp. 53-154, extracts.

Firuz Shah Tughluq, Futuhat-i Firuz Shahi, Aligarh, n.d.; Engl. tr. Elliot and Dowson II, pp. 374-88.

Hasan Nizami, Taju'l-ma'asir, MS. British Library; Rieu, I, 239a; Engl. tr. Elliot and Dowson II, pp. 204-43

'Isami, Futuhu's-salatin, Madras, 1948; Engl. tr. Mahdi Husain, 3 vols., Bombay, 1967, 1976, 1977.

Juwayni, 'Ala'u'd-Din 'Ata ' Malik, Tarikh-i Jahan-gushay-i Juwayni, Leiden and London, 1912, 1916; Engl. tr. J. Boyle, Manchester, 1958.

Kufi,' Ali b. Hamid, Chach-nama, Hyderabad, n.d.; Engl. tr. Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg, Karachi, 1900; Delhi, 1979, reprint.

Minahj, Siraj, Tabaqat-i Nasiri, Calcutta, 1863-4; Engl. tr. H. G. Raverty, Calcutta, 1873-81.

Ni'matu'llah al-Harawi, Tarikh-i Khan-jahani u Makhzan-i Afghani, Dacca, 1960; Engl. tr. B. Dorn, London, 1829-36.

Timur, Malfuzat-i Timuri, Oxford, 1783; Engl. tr. Major C. Stewart, London, 1830.

al-'Utbi, Abu Nasr, al-Yamini (Arabic); Persian tr. Tarjama-i Yamini, after 1205-6, Tehran, 1856; Engl. tr. J. Reynolds, London, 1858.

Yahya, Sirhindi, Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi, Calcutta, 1931; Engl. tr. K. K. Basu, Baroda, 1932.

Yazdi, Sharafu'd-Din 'Ali, Zafar-nama, Calcutta, 1885-6; Engl. tr. from French tr., incomplete, Paris, 1722.

Anonymous, Sirat-i Firuz Shahi, MS. Bankipur, Patna; Engl. tr. (Jajnagar expedition), JASB, 1942, pp. 58-77.

Modern Works in English

Ahmad, M. A., Political History and Institutions of the Early Turkish Empire of Delhi, Lahore, 1949; New Delhi, 1972, reprint.

Banerjee, J. M., History of Firuz Shah Tughluq, Delhi, 1967.

Bosworth, C. E., The Ghaznavids, Edinburgh, 1977.

Digby, S., War-Horse and Elephant in the Delhi Sultanate, Oxford, 1971.

Habib, M., Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi, Bombay, 1927.

––, Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznin, Delhi, 1951.

–– and Nizami, K. A. (eds.), A Comprehensive History of India, V, Delhi, 1970.

321

Habibullah, A. B. M., The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India, Allahabad, 1961, 2nd rev. edn.

Haig, W. (ed.), The Cambridge History of India, III, New York, 1928.

Halim, A., History of the Lodi Sultans of Delhi and Agra, Dacca, 1961.

Haq, S. M., Barani's History of the Tughluqs, Karachi, 1959.

Hardy, P., Historians of Medieval India, London, 1960.

Husain, Mahdi, Tughluq Dynasty, Calcutta, 1963.

Jauhari, T. C, Firuz Tughluq, Agra, 1968.

Lal, K. S.,Twilight of the Sultanate, Bombay, 1963; New Delhi, 1980, rev. edn.

––, History of the Khaljis, Bombay, 1967; New Delhi, 1980, rev. edn.

––, Growth of Muslim Population in India, Delhi, 1973.

Majumdar, R. C, The Struggle for Empire, Bombay, 1957.

–– and Pusalker, A. E., (eds.), The Delhi Sultanate, Bombay, 1967, 2nd edn.

Nazim, M., The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna, Cambridge, 1931; New Delhi 1971, reprint.

Nigam, S. B. P., Nobility under the Sultans of Delhi, Delhi, 1968.

Nizami, K. A., Studies in Medieval Indian History and Culture, Allahabad, 1966.

–– (ed.), Politics and Society during the Early Medieval Period, New Delhi, 1974.

Prasad, I., A History of the Qaraunah Turks in India, Allahabad, 1936.

Qureshi, I. H., The Muslim Community of the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent, The Hague, 1962.

Siddiqi, I. H., Some Aspects of Afghan Despotism in India, Aligarh, 1969.

Srivastava, A. L., The Sultanate of Delhi, Agra, 1953, 2nd rev. edn.

Thomas, E., The Chronicles of the Pathan Kings of Delhi, reprint, Delhi, 1967.

Venkataramanayya, N., Early Muslim Expansion in South India, Madras, 1942.

REFERENCES

1. Qur'an, Engl. tr. M. Pickthall, Chapter II, verse 136.

2. C. L. Cohen, 'Kharadj' in The Encyclopaedia of Islam2, IV, pp. 1030-4; A. K. S. Lambton, 'Kharadj in Persia', ibid., pp. 1034-52.

3. Qureshi, The Muslim Community, p. 35.

4. The copper or silver unit of the Arab monetary system, which

322

is still prevalent in some countries. It weighed around three to four grams of silver, copper, or brass.

5. Fredunbeg (tr.), Chach-nama p. 165.

6. Ibid., p. 166.

7. Ibid., pp. 168-9.

8. Ibid., pp. 170-1.

9. The dynasty which ruled in North Africa, and later in Egypt from 909 until 1171; M. Canard, 'Fatimids', in The Encyclopaedia of Islam2, II, pp. 850-62.

10. Qureshi, The Muslim Community, pp. 40-2.

11. Nazim, Mahmud of Ghazna, pp. 96—101.

12. Ibid., pp. 98-9.

13. Ibid., pp. 49, 88, 89, 91, 97, 98, 195.

14. Ibid., pp. 104-5.

15. Ibid., pp. 107-8.

16. Ibid., pp. 209-10.

17. Ibid., pp. 209-24.

18. C. E. Bosworth, Mahmud of Ghazna in Contemporary Eyes and in Later Persian Literature, pp. 85-92; Rizvi, Shah Wali Allah and his Times, pp. 293-4.

19. Nazim, Mahmud of Ghazna, p. 124.

20. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids, pp. 98-128.

21. Ibid., pp. 77-82.

22. Ibid., p. 110.

23. Ibid., pp. 210-18.

24. Ibid., p. 128.

25. Abu'l-Qasim al-Junayd (d. 910) strongly opposed the growing eclectic tendencies among the sufis.

26. Habibullah, The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India, pp. 53-7.

27. Taju'l-ma'asir, in Elliot and Dowson, II, p. 215.

28. Minhaj, tr. Raverty, Tabaqdt-i Ndsiri, I, pp. 512-14.

29. Ibid., I, pp. 515-19; Taju'l-ma'asir, in Elliot and Dowson, II, pp. 219-21.

30. Taju'l-ma'asir, in Elliot and Dowson, II, pp. 227-8.

31. Minhaj, tr. Raverty, I, pp. 518-22.

32. Taju'l-ma'dsir, in Elliot and Dowson, II, pp. 231-2.

33. Minhaj, tr. Raverty, I, pp. 548-51.

34. Ibid., I, pp. 552-95.

35. Ibid., I, pp. 472-86.

36. A. L. Srivastava, The Sultanate of Delhi, Agra, 1964, 4th edn, pp. 84-7.

37. K. A. Nizami, 'Foundation of the Delhi Sultanate', in Habib and Nizamu (eds.), A Comprehensive History of India, V, p.185.

323

38. Ibid., p. 182.

39. Minhaj, tr. Raverty, I, pp. 511-51.

40. Ibid., pp. 496-507.

41. Ibid., I, pp. 530-8.

42. Ibid., I, pp. 285-99.

43. Ibid., I, pp. 538-44.

44. Ibid., I, pp. 540-1.

45. Ibid., I, pp. 628-9.

46. S. Rizvi, History of Sufism in India, I, pp. 135-6.

47. Minhaj, tr. Raverty, I, p. 638.

48. Ibid., I, pp. 631-3.

49. Ibid., I, pp. 635-7.

50. Ibid., I, pp. 637-8.

51. Ibid., I, pp. 639-48.

52. Barani, Tankh-i Firuz Shahi, p. 25.

53. Minhaj, tr. Raverty, I. pp. 649-51.

54. Ibid., I, pp. 655-60.

55. Ibid., I, pp. 660-4.

56. Ibid., I, pp. 666-9.

57. Ibid., I, pp. 675-82.

58. Ibid., I, pp. 683-6.

59. Ibid., II, pp. 825-40.

60. Habibullah, Foundation of Muslim Rule, pp. 210-11, 213, 215, 216, 220.

61. 'Isami, Futuhu's-salatin, pp. 161-6.

62. Habibullah, 'Foundation of Muslim Rule', pp. 161-4.

63. Barani, pp. 65-6.

64. Ibid., pp. 50-1.

65. Ibid., p. 56.

66. Ibid., pp. 57-8.

67. Ibid., pp. 54-5.

68. Ibid., pp. 81-6.

69. Yahya Sirhindi, Tankh-i Mubarak Shahi, pp. 42-3.

70. Barani, pp. 89-107.

71. Ibid., pp. 109-10.

72. Ibid., pp. 120-3.

73. Ibid., pp. 130-56; Amir Khusraw, Qiranu's-sa'dayn, pp. 11- 15.

74. Amir Khusraw, Qiranu's-sa'dayn, pp. 158-73.

75. Ibid., pp. 175-80.

76. Ibid., pp. 183-7; Khusraw, Miftahu'l-futuh, pp. 35-9.

77. Khusraw, Miftahu'l-futuh, p. 189.

78. Barani, p. 218.

79. Ibid., p. 213.

80. Ibid., pp. 208-12; Rizvi, History of Sufism, I, pp. 308-9.

324

81. Barani, pp. 221-36.

82. Ibid., pp. 237-40, 242-50.

83. Amir Khusraw, Khaza'inu'l-futuh, pp. 36-44.

84. Baranl, pp. 300-1.

85. Khaza'inu'l-futuh, pp. 49-54; Barani, pp. 251-2.

86. Khaza'inu'l-futuh, pp. 59-64; Barani, pp. 272-3.

87. Ibid., pp. 264-72.

88. Ibid., pp. 282-7.

89. Ibid., pp. 288-90.

90. Coins of high value mainly of silver, but gold tankas were also minted.

91. Baranl, pp. 305-11.

92. Ibid., pp. 312-17.

93. Ibid., pp. 318-19.

94. Rizvi, A History of Sufism, I, p. 189.

95. Barani, p. 300.

96. Khaza'inu'l-futuh, pp. 60-1.

97. 'Isami, Futuhu's-salatin, pp. 273-81.

98. Khaza'inu'l-futuh, pp. 113-21.

99. Ibid., pp. 128-32; Barani, pp. 325-34.

100. Amir Khusraw, Diwal Rani Khizr Khan, pp. 233—64.

101. Barani, pp. 372-87.

102. The territories directly under the administration of the sultans or the emperors were known as khalisa.

103. Amir Khusraw, Tughluq-nama, p. 19.

104. Ibid., pp. 20-1; Baranl, pp. 389-409.

105. Ibid., pp. 432-3; Rizvi, History of Sufism, I, p. 161.

106. Barani, pp. 446-9.

107. Ibid., p. 450.

108. 'Isami, Futuhu's-salatin, pp. 417-20.

109. Gibb (tr.), The Travels of Ibn Battuta, III, pp. 654-6.

110. Barani, p. 452.

111. Yahya, Sirhindi, Tarikh-i Mubdrak-Shahi, pp. 36-7; Abu'1-Fazl, tr. Jarret, A'in-i Akbari, III, p.275.

112. Barani, p. 505.

113. 'Isami, Futuhu's-salatin, pp. 423-4.

114. Rizvi, History of Sufism, I, pp. 175-6.

115. Ibid., p. 182.

116. Barani, pp. 476-7

117. Ibid., pp. 477-8.

118. Badr-i Chach, Qasd'id, Lucknow, n.d., pp. 27-8.

119. Barani, pp. 475-6.

120. K. A. Nizami, 'Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq', in Habib and Nizami (eds.), Comprehensive History, V, p. 539.

325

121. Mahdi Husain (tr.), The Rehla of lbn Battuta, Baroda, 1976, pp. 189-91.

122. Gibb (tr.), Travels of Ibn Battuta, III, pp. 720-7.

123. Barani, pp. 498-9.

124. Ibid., pp. 500-5.

125. 'Isami, Futuhu's-salatin, pp. 550-7.

126. Barani, pp. 509-14.

127. Bada'uni, tr. Ranking, Muntakhabu't-tawarikh, I, p. 317.

128. Rizvi, History of Sufism, I, p. 186.

129. B. P. Saksena, 'Firuz Shah Tughluq', in Habib and Nizami (eds.), Comprehensive History, V, pp. 566-7.

130. Firuz Shah, Futuhat-i Firuz Shahi, pp. 18, 24; Barani, pp. 555-8; 'Afif, Tarikh-i Firuz Shahi, pp. 178-84.

131. 'Afif, Tarikh-i Firuz Shahi, pp. 109-24, 145-72.

132. Ibid., pp. 183-250.

133. Yazdi, Zafar-nama, II, pp. 99-125.

134. Ibid., pp. 126-82.

135. See below, p. 240.

II : THE INDEPENDENT RULING DYNASTIES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Contemporary Persian Sources

'Abdu'r-Razzaq Samarqandi (d. 1446-7), Matla'u's-Sa'dayn, Lahore, 1933; Engl. tr. (a small portion) R. H. Major, London. (Hakluyt Society), 1859.

'Ali bin Mahmud al-Kirmani, Ma'asir-i Mahmud Shahi, MS. Cambridge, Browne Supplement 249.

––, Mir'at-i Ahmadi, supplement; tr. Syed Nawab 'Ali, Baroda, 1928.

Dughlat, Mirza Haydar, Tarikh-i Rashid, Engl. tr. E. D. Ross and N. Elias, London, 1895.

Ghulam Murtaza, Basdtinu's-salatin, Hyderabad, n.d.

Mahmud Gawan, Riyazu'l-insha', Hyderabad, 1948.

Nairn, Mir Muhammad Ma'sum, Tarikh-i Sind, Poona, 1938.

Sikandar bin Muhammad Manjhu, Mir'at-i Sikandari, Bombay, 1890; Engl. tr. Fazlu'llah Lutfu'llah Faridi, Bombay, 1899.

Tabataba, Sayyid 'Ali bin 'Aziz, Burhan-i Ma'asir, Hyderabad, 1936.

326

Portuguese Sources

Albuquerque, Alfonso de, The Commentaries of Albuquerque, ed. and tr. Walter de Gray Birch, 4 vols., London, 1875-84.

Gama, Vasco da, Journal of the First Voyage, tr. E. G. Ravenstein, London, 1898.

Modem Works in English

Acharya, N. N. The History of Medieval Assam, Gauhati, 1966.

Commissariat, M. S., A History of Gujarat, 2 vols., Bombay, 1938- 57.

Danvers, F. C., The Portuguese in India, 2 vols. London, 1894.

Hasan, M., Kashmir under the Sultans, Calcutta, 1959.

Husaini, A. Q., Bahman Shah, Calcutta, 1959.

Nuniz, Fernao, Chronicle; tr. R. Sewell in A Forgotten Empire, London, 1900.

Pannikkar, K. M. A History of Kerala, Annamalai University, 1960.

Radhey Shyam, The Kingdom of Ahmadnagar, Delhi, 1966.

Saeed, Mian M., The Sharqi Sultans ofjaunpur, Karachi, 1972.

Sharma, G. N., Mewar and the Mughal Emperors, Agra, 1962.

––, Social Life in Medieval Rdjasthan, Agra, n.d.

Sherwani, H. K., The Bahmanls of the Deccan, Hyderabad, 1953.

––, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, Bombay, 1968.

––, History of the Qutb-Shahi Dynasty, Delhi, 1974.

–– and Joshi, P. M.(eds.), History of Medieval Deccan, 2 vols., Hyderabad, 1973-4.

Sufi, G. M. D., Kashir, Lahore, 1948-9.

Tarafdar, M. R., Husain Shahi Bengal, Dacca, 1965.

Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities of Rdjasthan, Oxford, 1920.

Venkataramanayya, N., Early Muslim Expansion in South India, Madras, 1942.

REFERENCES

1. See below, p. 65.

2. Tarafdar, Husain Shahi Bengal, pp. 1—32.

3. Barbosa, tr. Dames, The Book of Duarte Barbosa, II, pp. 147-8.

4. Acharya, The History of Medieval Assam, pp. 41, 87, 100.

5. Tarafdar, Husain Shahi Bengal, pp. 69, 74.

6. S. Dutta, 'Rajput States', in R. C. Majumdar (ed.), Delhi Sultanate, Bombay, 1960, VI, pp. 331-2.

327

7. Shyamal Das, Vir Vinod, I, in Hindi, Udaipur, n.d., p. 308; G. H. Ojha, Udaipur rajya ka itihas, Ajmir, 1938, I, pp. 260-2.

8. Nizamu'd-Din, tr. De, Tabaqat-i Akbari, III, pp. 131-3.

9. Dutta, Majunder (ed.), Delhi Sultanate, pp. 332-4.

10. Babur, tr. Beveridge, Babur-nama, II, pp. 426-529; Sharma, Mewar and the Mughal Emperors, pp. 7-20.

11. G. N. Sharma, 'The Rathors of Marwar', in Habib and Nizami (eds.), A Comprehensive History of India, III, pp. 812-14.

12. Rizvi, History of Sufism, I, pp. 289-90.

13. J. C. Dutt (tr.), Kings of Kashmir, Bombay, 1896, pp. 15, 22, 26, 28.

14. Hasan, Kashmir under the Sultans, pp. 48-53.

15. Dutt, Kings of Kashmir, pp. 59-60, 112.

16. Dughlat, tr. Ross and Elias, Tarikh-i Rashidi, pp. 3-4, 434; R. K. Parmu, 'Kashmir', in Habib and Nizami (eds.), Comprehensive History, V, pp. 754-5.

17. Hasan, Kashmir under the Sultans, pp. 79-90.

18. Tabaqat-i Akbari, III, p. 273.

19. Yahya Sirhindi, Tarikh-i Mubarak Shahi, pp. 153-5, 159.

20. Ram Babu Saksena, Kirti Lata (Hindi), Allahabad, 1929, pp. 14-18; Tabaqat-i Akbari, III, pp. 275-8.

21. Tabaqat-i Akbari, III, pp. 279-83.

22. Ibid., III, pp. 284-7.

23. Ibid., III, pp. 310-12, 318-19.

24. Ibid., III, p. 288.

25. Ibid., III, pp. 161-2.

26. Tabataba, Burhan-i Ma'asir, p. 68.

27. Tabaqat-i Akbari, III, pp. 312-49.

28. Ibid., III, p. 35.

29. Ibid., III, pp. 351-6.

30. Ibid., III, p. 357.

31. Ibid., III, p. 384-92.

32. Ibid., III, p. 403.

33. Hajjiu'd-Dabir, Zafaru 'l-Walih, p. 52.

34. Tabataba, Burhan-i Ma'asir, p. 68.

35. Sikandar bin Muhammad, Mir'at-i Sikandari, pp. 5—18.

36. Ibid., pp. 19-21.

37. Ibid., pp. 33-6.

38. Ibid., pp. 44-6.

39. A. K. Forbes, Ras Mala, ed. H. G. Rawlinson, London, 1924, I, pp. 318-25.

40. Tabaqat-i Akbari, III, p. 147.

41. Ibid., III, pp. 152-68.

42. Albuquerque, The Commentaries, II, pp. 208-14; R. S.

328

Whiteway, The Rise of Portuguese Power in India 1497-1550, London, 1916, II, pp. 114-20.

43. Varthema, Travels, pp. 109-10.

44. Tabaqat-i Akbari, III, p. 173.

45. Zafaru'l-Walih, I, p. 230.

46. Danvers, The Portuguese in India, I, p. 406,

47. Mahdi Husain (tr.), The Rehla of Ibn Battuta, Baroda, 1976, pp. 189-91.

48. Danvers, Portuguese in India, I, pp. 50-69.

49. Ibid., I, pp. 77-116.

50. Pearson, Merchants and Rulers in Gujarat, pp. 67—73.

51. Ibid., pp. 73-77.

52. Husain (tr.) The Rehla of Ibn Battuta, pp. 226-7.

53. See above, p. 49.

54. J. Briggs (tr.), History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India, Calcutta, 1966, reprint, II, pp. 175-6.

55. Burhan-i Ma'asir, pp. 43-52.

56. Ibid., pp. 56-61.

57. Briggs (tr.), Mahomedan Power, II, p. 279.

58. R. J. Major (tr.), India in the Fifteenth Century, New York (Hakluyt Society), 'The Travels of Nicolo Conti', reprint from first series, 1857, p. 14.

59. Briggs (tr.), Mahomedan Power, II, pp. 300-2.

60. Mahmud Gawan, Riyazu'l-insha', pp. 122, 163, 170, 181, 233, 238, 244, 249.

61. Briggs (tr.), Mahomedan Power, II, pp. 309-18.

62. Sherwani and Joshi (eds.), History of Medieval Deccan, I, pp. 285-7.

63. Fuzuni Astarabadi, Tazkiratu'l-muluk, British Library, Rieu, I, 317a, ff. 36b-40b.

64. Sherwani, Qutb-Shahi Dynasty, pp. 119-75.

65. Tazkiratu'l-muluk, ff. 41b-46b.

66. Briggs (tr.), Mahomedan Power, III, pp. 250-5.

67. Danvers, Portuguese in India, I, pp. 551-7.

68. Gurty Venkat Rao, 'The Vijayanagara Empire', in Habib and Nizami (eds.), Comprehensive History, V, pp. 1031-43.

69. Ibid., pp. 1044-5.

70. Ibid., pp. 1049-50.

71. Major (tr.), India in the Fifteenth Century, pp. 23-32 (Journey of Abd-er-Razzak).

72. Briggs (tr.), Mahomedan Power, II, pp. 265-6.

73. Gurty Venkat Rao, 'The Vijayanagara Empire', in Habib and Nizami (eds.), Comprehensive History, V, pp. 1062-3.

74. R. Sewell, Forgotten Empire, Madras, 1932, pp. 236-90.

329

75. Habib and Nizami (eds.), Comprehensive History, V, pp. 1074-84.

76. Ibid., V, pp. 1087-9.

77. See above, p. 83.

III : THE AFGHANS AND THE MUGHALS

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