The wonder that was india

Vaishnavite, poetry, 25;

415

temples destroyed by Ayba'k, 279; 357-61, 368

Vaishia, 230, 353

Vallabhacharya (1479- 1530), 367

Vallabh-rajas, friendly to Arabs, xxvii Valmiki, the author of the Sanskrit Ramayana, 368

vanias, Gujarati Hindu merchants, 222

Varahamihira, 253

Varthema, Ludovico de, 71

Vasala Deva, 23

Vasco da Gama, 71, 73, 74

Vasudeva, 355

Veda 84, 354

Vedanta, one of the six systems of salvation in Hinduism, Jahangir's interest in, 119; 257, 355, 367

Vellore, 140, 289

Venetian, 221

Venice, xxviii, xxxiv Veraval, 71

Victoria and Albert Museum, London, 300

Vidyapati (fourteenth to fifteenth centuries) 360

Vidyanagara, 85

Vienna, 134

Vigrahraja III of Ajmir, 23

Vijayanagara, kingdom, 84— 88; monuments 288; xxviii, 48, 60, 70-83, 141, 222

Vikramajit, 121

villages, life and condition of, 204—9; transformation into towns, 210, 211

vina, a form of lute, 304

Vinaya-patrika, 368

Vira Ballala III, of Hoysala kingdom, 41

Vira Narasimha, 87

Vira Pandya, 41

Virupaksha II (1465-85), 87

Vishnu, 272, 355, 356, 360, 367

Vishvanath, temple of Banaras destroyed by Aurangzib, 138

Visistadvaita, qualified monism, 356

Vitthal, god, 359

Vitthalasvami, temple in Vijayanagara, 288

Vitthalnath (1515-88), the son of Vallabhacharya, 368

Vohra, Virji, Jain merchant, 227, 228

Vriddhananda, Dadu's teacher, 367

Vyakaran, grammar, 218

Wahdaniyya, the Unity of God, 236

Wahdat al-Shuhud, Unity of Appearance, 246, 269, 270

Wahdat al-Wujud, Unity of Being, 236, 240, 241, 246, 247, 254-6, 262, 264, 265, 267, 269, 271

Waihind, 13

wajib, necessary, 232

Wajibu'l-Wujud, Necessary Being, 233, 236

Wajihu'd-Din Ahmad, (d. 1589-90), the leading Shattariyya of Gujarat, 262

wakil, regent, 118

wakil-i dar, controller of royal household under the Delhi sultans, 169

wakil-i Saltanat, see wakils wakils, prime ministers, Akbar changed frequently, 105, 171; Asaf Khan appointed by Jahangir, 119; confirmed by Shahjahan, 120, 171; 175, 202

wali, governor, 191

Walid (705-15), The Umayyad Caliph, 11

Waliu'llah Dihlawi, Shah (d. 1762), 151, 235, 272, 276

waqi'a nawis, news writer, 192

Warangal, 36, 40, 41, 43, 44, 48, 77, 84

warehouses, 216, 229

Warren Hastings (1774- 85), xxii, xxiii Washington, xxi al-Wasiq Bi'llah, Confiding in God, title adopted by Sultan Mubarak Khalji, 158

waste land, measures to reclaim, 186

watan jagir, jagir (q.v.) granted to the territorial chiefs from their ancestral dominions, 177, 209; 137, 191

water carrier, made king by Humayun, 98, 103

wazir, vizier, minister 171, 172; diwan-i kull, duties, 172; in the eighteenth century, 149

Wazir Khan, the fawjdar of Sirhind, 145

wells, dug out by Babur, 93; irrigation through, 205

West, Arabic printing in, 218, philosophy of the, 235

West Jamuna Canal, 206

Western Coast, 73-6

wilayat, province under the Delhi sultans, 191

wiliyat, position as an eminent sufi, 362

wine, prohibited by 'Ala'u'd-Din Khalji, 38; renounced by Babur, 94

wisal, unification, 362

witchcraft, 252

Withington, Nicholas (1612-16), adventurous career, xxxii witnesses, Akbar's laws, 166, 167

women, adherence to pre- Islamic customs, 200; role in Muslim society, 200-02

The Wonder That Was India, I, xvi, xix

The Wonder That Was India, II, scope, xix

wujud, existence, 232

wulat, lords, 156

Xavier, Father J., of the third Jesuit Mission to Akbar, 17; uncertain about Akbar's religion, 110

416

Yadava, kings of Devagiri, 35, 305

Yaldavas, of Junagarh, 71

Yaklakhi, Islamicized slave officer, 43

Yaminu'd-Dawla wa Aminu'l-Mulk, the right-hand of the empire and che trustee of the nation, title granted by the ' Abbasid Caliph to Mahmud of Ghazni, 13

Yamuna, see Jamuna

Ya'qub Khan, of Kashmir, 111

Yaqut, Malik Jamalu'd-Din, an Ethiopian favourite of Raziyya, 28

Yavanas, Muslims, 63, 248

Yasrib, see Medina

Yazdi, Mulla Muhammad, an anti-Akbar Shi'i leader, 109, 275

Yazid (680-3), Second Umayyad Caliph, 5

al-Yemen, xvii

Yilduz, Taju'd-Din, the most prominent slave of Mu'izzu'd-Din Muhammad, 24, 25

yoga, mystical training, 356

Yoga-Qalandar by Sayyid Murtaza, 257

Yoga-Sutra, 218, 251, 255

yogis, Akbar's interest in, 106; bless the rebel Khusraw, 116; flying into air by, 247; kanphata (split-ear), 249; Siddhas, 256; 242, 254, 257 Yoga Vashista, 254

Yusuf 'Adil Shah (1490- 1510), 79-81, 87, 273

Yusuf Khan, the last Sultan of Kashmir, 111

Yusufzais, kill Akbar's favourite Raja Birbal, 111; war against Aurangzib, 136; 91, 92

Zadu'l-musafirin, by Amir Husayn, 240

Zafar Khan, Husamu'd- Din, 'Ala'u'd-Din Khalji's indefatigable commander, 37, 77, 213

Zafar Khan, (bunder of the independent kingdom of Gujarat, 69

Zafar Khan, of Sunargaon, 51

Zafarabad, 48, 213

Zahid, Hajji, loan to Prince Murad, 228

Zahid, Shaykh, Bengali poet and sufi, 257

Zakariyya, Shaykh Baha'u'd-Din (d. 1262), 239, 243, 249, 250

Zakat, alms tax, 6; not levied on king's treasury, 162; on traders, import and export, 180; evasion, 180

Zaman, Mirza Muhammad, Humayun's brother-in-law, 96

Zaminbos, kissing the ground, 168

Zamindars, village leaders who possessed rights superior to those of ordinary peasants, classification, rights, duties and importance, 208-210; administration of roads and ferry, 220; help Dara to seize the Chambal fords, 129; Islamicization to break unity among Hindu Zamindars, 138; mansabdars treat Shivaji as a, 139; uncontrollable towards the end of Aurangzib's reign, 143, 144; guide the qazis, 188; 118, 119, 134, 135, 150, 194, 205, 208

Zamindawar, 123

Zamorin, of Calicut, xxviii, 73, 74, 83, 87

Zangula, an Arabic air in music, 305

Zanjani, Shaykh Hasan, an eminent sufi, 18

zat, rank indicating the personal pay of the mansabdars (q.v.) in the pay schedule, 118

zat and sawar, mansabs (q.v.) meant to show particular obligations and salaries, 121; evolution of 176, 177

zawabit, state laws, 159; departure from Shari'a in special circumstances, 163

Zaynabad, 69

Zaynu'd-Din, a disciple of Chishtiyya Shaykh Burhanu'd-Din Gharib, 69

Zaynu'l-'Abidin of Kashmir (1420-70), sultan, 63-4; possessed guns, 178; patronage to Firdawsiyyas, 248; translation of Sanskrit works, 254

Zaytun, Chinese port, xxvi, 223

Zeila, on the African coast, 221

Zend, manuscripts collected by Fraser, xxii Zikr, recollection, to invoke one of Allah's names, 236; in Mahdawi faith, 260; Naqshbandiyya, 268

Zimmi, protected subject, status granted to Sindis by Hajjaj, 10; by Mahmud of Ghaznl, 18; controversy over the grant to Hindus of the status of, 181, 182

Zoroastrians, 4, 155, 182, 258