The wonder that was india

diwan-i siyasat, tyrannical courts of Sultan Muhammad bin Tughluq, 186, 187

diwan-i tan, Mughal ministry of salaries, 173, 174

diwan-i wizarat, department wazir (q.v.) 174; controller of three other diwans under the Delhi sultans, 172

diwan khana-i 'amm wa

385

khass, 169

diwin khana-i khass, see diwan-i khass

diwani, civil, 228

doab, 'Ala'u'd-Din's revenue reforms in, 38, 39; heavy-taxation by Muhammad bin Tughluq in, 48, 184; 32, 135, 174

doha, form of Hindi poetry, 362

dome, different forms, 280- 297

Dome of the Rock, 282

Dow, Alexander (d. 1779), xxii dowry, 202

Dowson, J. (d. 1881), xxv

Drarya-Priksha, An Examination of Coins, xxi

droughts, 207

drugs, used by Babur in place of liquor, 95; prevention of use by muhtasibs (q.v.), 189; used by qalandars, 249

Dughlat, Mirza Haydar, (1540-1), 274

Dungarpur, 70

Dublin, xxi, 298, 300

Duperron Anquetil, 255

Durgadas, Rathor, 137, 138

Durrani, Ahmad Shah, 151

Dust Muhammad, Mulla, the Iranian painter, 298

Dutch, commercial interests, xxviii; defence against Shivajis' first attack of Surat, 139; spared by Shivaji during his second sack of Surat, 140; trade, 223-5 xix, xxxv

duty, on cargo, 223

Duwa (1291-1306), Chaghatay Mongol, 37

Dvarasamudra, near modern Bangalore, 40, 41

Dvarka, 71

dyes, 211

East India Company, British, xix, xxii, xxiv, xxxi; hostility of the Portuguese, xxxii; defeated by Aurangzib, 145, 146; failure to establish a Gujarati press, 226; and Dutch, xxxiii, 223, 224, 227; 220, 224, 227

education, 216-9

Egypt, xxvii, xxviii, 1, 3, 11, 63, 158, 160, 220, 272

Egyptians, against the Caliph 'Usman, 4; fleet, 71; temples, 282

Eklakhi, tomb of Sultan Jalalu'd-Din Muhammad Shah of Bengal, 283

Eknath (?1533-99)a brahman mystic, 359

Elephant Gateway of Gwalior, 284

elephants, in Mahmud of Ghazni's army, 15; seized by Muhammad bin Tughluq from Orissa and Bengal, 44-5; as tributes from Orissa to Sultan Firuz, 60; Gondwana a centre of the supply of, 66; Hushang invades Jajnagar to seize, 70; importance of, 174; to be maintained by mansabdars, 176; Akbar's control over, 179; statues removed from Agra fort by Aurangzib, 291

elephant stables in Vijayanagara, 288

Elichpur, 36

Elizabeth I, Queen, xviii, xxxi, 224

Elliot, Henry Miers (d. 1853), xxiv, xxv

Ellora, xxxiv

Elphinstone, Mountstuart (1779-1859), xxiv

embroidery, 211

England, xxii, xxxi, xxxii, 174, 224, 287

English, commercial interests, xxviii; defend themselves against Shivaji's first attack of Surat, 139; spared by Shivaji during his second attack of Surat, 140; trade, 145-6, defeated by Aurangzib, 146; trade supremacy, 223-5, trust in Virji Vohra, 227

Erskine, William (d. 1852), xxiii, xxiv

escheat, 181

esoteric, 235, 264, 363

espionage system, of Ala'u'd-Din Khalji, 39;of Sultan Sikandar Lodi, 90; of Sher Shah, 101

Etawa, 20, 53, 85

ethico-political works, 218

ethics, Sanskrit works on, 11

Ethiopia, 299

Ethiopians, under Raziyya, 28; in Bengal, 58; women guards in Malwa palace, 113; soldiers of Janjira, 141; see habshis; 223

Eugene IV, Pope, xxviii

Europe, Indian merchandise to, 220, 221 influence of, xix; woollen industry of, 206

European, brokers indispensable to, 229, 230; factories in India, xix; on peasants' belongings, 207; novelties, 225; travellers, xxviii-xxxv; victory over Ottomans, 133; 178, 179, 204, 221, 224, 225, 227

exoteric, 236, 264

exports, 211, 221, 224, 225

extravagance, of the aristocracy, 214, 215

evidence, laws modified by Akbar, 166

expiation, for sinful state laws, 163

factions, Mughal, in the eighteenth century, 149, 150; under the Delhi sultans 198

factories, European, 224, 227

Fakhru'd-Din Kotwal, 32, 174, 190

Fakhru'd-Din Mubarak Shah (1336-49) of

386

Bengal, 57

famine, 48, 207

fana, as correlative of baqa (q.v.), mystical annihilation, 237, 255

faqirs, dervishes, 213 Faqiru'llah Khan, Muhammad, a seventeenth-century painter, 301

Far East, 57

al-Farabi (875-950), cosmological doctrines of, 232

Farah, 259

Farghana, 91

Farid, name of Sher Shah, 97

Farid, Shaykh al-Patan, 285

Farid Bukhari, Shaykh, 114, 175

Faridu'd-Din, Ganj-i Shakar, Shaykh, see Baba Farid

Faridu'd-Din, Shaykh (d. 1579), the founder of Shaykhupura, 205

Faridu'd-Din Mahmud, Shaykh, a grandson of Shaykh Hamidu'd-Din Nagori, 243

farmans, obtained by the English, xxxii, 224; issued by Nur Jahan, 117; of madad-i ma'ash by Sher Shah, 189; dispatched through foot-runners for urgent delivery, 193; sealing of, 203 xxi, xxxi, 167, 192, 228, 229

farming, of iqta's, 185

Farr, supernatural effulgence, 155, 156; awareness by Balban of, 157, 158;Abu'l-Fazl's interpretations of, 160, 161

Farrukhsiyar (1713-19) the Mughal emperor, 149

Fars, 9, 53

Faruqi, dynasty of Khandesh, 68, 69

Fatawa al- 'Alamgiriyya, compiled by the 'ulama' of Aurangzib's reign, 8, 163, 228

Fatawa-i Jahandari by Ziya'u'd-Din Barani, 159

Fath Khan, Malik Ambar's son, 123

Fath Khan, Firuz Tughluq's eldest son, 52

Fath Shah (1493-1514) sultan of Kashmir 274

Fathabad, 53

Fathpur-Sikri, described in the Commentarius by Father Monserrate, xxix; greater than London, xxx; built by Akbar, 107; 109, 111, 213, 246, 264, 290, 291

Fathu'llah Shirazi, Hakim (d. 1589), guns invented by, 179; educational system of, 218, 219; promotion of the study of philosophy by, 234; practised Shi'ism openly, 275

Fatimid caliphs of Egypt (909-1171), 272

fatwas, legal decrees, 130, 164, 187, 200, 206

fawazil, surplus revenue from iqta's (q.v.) 174

fawjdar, controller of fawjdari (q.v.), position and duties, 194 134, 144-146

fawjdari, administrative units of the Mughals, 194

Fawlad, Mirza, a Sunni fanatic, 275

Faylsufu'l-'Arab, 232

Fazilat, Qazi of Bengal, 100

festivals, Muslim, 215

fiefs, 174

finance, 'Ala'u'd-Din's reforms of, 38; under the Muslim rule in India, 179-86

fiqh, Islamic jurisprudence, 7; works in India, 162; teaching of, 217, 218; 262, 264

Firangi Mahal, 218

Firdawsi, the author of the Shah-nama, not adequately rewarded by Mahmud of Ghazni, 15; on kingship, 155

Firdawsiyya, a sufi order, 241, 242, 362

Firishta, Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah (d. after 1609-10), xxii, xxiii, 38

Firuz Minar at Gaur, 283

Firuz Shah Kotla, 212, 213

Firuz Tughluq (1351-88), 50-55, 64, 66, 68, 69, 159, 165, 170, 173, 174, 180, 181, 184, 191, 197, 201, 203, 205, 207, 212, 213, 217, 229, 240, 241, 245, 246, 259, 273, 279, 285, 305

Firuzi, Madrasa, 217

Fitch, Ralph (1583-91), pioneer among English travellers to India, xxx flotilla in Bengal, 134

Flynn, V.J.A., 309

foot-post, 193

fortification, Chitor, 39; Warangal, 41; zamindars', 209

Fraser, James (1713-54), collection of manuscripts by, xxii

freewill, 231

frescoes, in Bidar architecture, 287

French, commercial interests, xxviii, xxix, factories spared by Shivaji, 140; xxvi, 255

frigates, Portuguese, 223

frugality, of Afghans, 215

fruits, from Khurasan, 193; new varieties introduced by Babur, 207

Fryer, John, xxxv

furniture, 211

Fusus al-hikam by Ibnu'l- 'Arabi, 239

futuh, unsolicited gift, 223; distribution by Mahdawis, 260

Futuhu's-salatin by 'Isami, 31

futuwwa, chivalric orders, 247

Gabriel, 2

Gada'i, Shaykh

387

(d. 1569), 241

Gagraun, 66, 68

Gahadavala, 20

gajnal, guns carried on elephants, 179

Gajpati, dynasty of Orissa, 60

Gajpati, Raja, 52

Gakkhars, Islamicizcd, 22, 102, 103

Galgala, xxxv

Galland, A., xxviii

Gambhira, river, 197

gambling, prevention by muhtasibs (q.v.), 188

Gandak, river, 59

Gandikota, 125

Ganesa, Raja of Dinajpur (Rajshahi), 57, 65

Ganga, see Ganges

Ganges, river, 15, 94, 206, 220, 257, 262

Ganges Valley, 1

Gangetic doab, 14, 55

Gangetic plain, 13

Gangoh, 246

Gangohi, Shaykh 'Abdu'l- Quddus (d. 1537). 256

Gangu Brahman, 77

gardens, planted in Firuz Shah's reign, 51; laid out by Babur, 93; Mughal, 297

Garha, 71

Garhgaon, near modern Gauhati, 134

Garhi, pass to Bengal, 98

Garhwal, 132

Garib Das, Dadu's son, 366

Gassendi, Pierre (1592- 1655), xxxiv, 235

Gauhati, 59, 134

Gaur, 22, 97, 100, 259, 283

Gawhar Ara (b. 1631), Shahjahan's daughter, 128

gaz, yard, of Sikandar Lodi, 187; Ilahi, of Akbar, 187

Gazirun, 222

Gaziruni, Shaykh Abu Ishaq (d. 1035) 222

Gazipuni, Shaykh Safiu'd- Din, 238

geographical works, in Arabic, xxvii, xxviii

Georgia, 53

ghalla bakhshi, crop sharing, 186

Ghalzay, an Afghan tribe, 34

ghanima, one fifth of the booty, remitted to the caliph's treasury by Muhammad bin Qasim, from Devagiri, 36; from Warangal, 79; Firuz Tughluq's rules, 181; Mughal rules, 182

Gharibs, foreigners in the Bahmanid kingdom, 77

Ghats, 138

Ghaws Shattari, Shaykh Muhammad (d. 1563), 262

Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad (1058- 1111), injects farr (q.v.) traditions in Islamic kingship, 155; obedience to the sultan imperative, 156; opposition to the philosophy of Farabi and Avicenna, 233 158, 160, 161, 163, 269

ghazi, literally soldiers of jihad (q.v.) but Islamicized mercenaries under the Turks, 22; Babur assumes the title of, 94

Ghazi Malik, see Ghiyasu'd-Din Tughluq

Ghaznavids (977-1186), xxi, 11-19, 23, 27, 183, 197, 250, 277

Ghazni, 12-14, 18-22, 28, 34, 103, 123, 151, 174, 220, 240, 250, 272, 277

Ghiyas Shah (1469-1501) of Malwa, 67

Ghiyaspur, 244

Ghiyasu'd-Din Bura, 46

Ghiyasu'd-Din Muhammad Ghuri (1163-1203), 18

Ghiyasu'd-Din Shah (1469-1500), Sultan of Malwa, 262

Ghiyasu'd-Din Tughluq (1320-5) moderate reforms, 184 44, 45, 57, 201, 212, 244, 281

ghulam, slave, 24

Ghunyatu'l-munya, a Persian work on music, 301

Ghur, 24, 272

Ghurids, 18-23, 196, 197; of Malwa, 65, 66

Ghurrat al-kamal, Amir Khusraw's diwan, 304

ghusl-khana, bathroom, chamber for secret state music, 304

Gibb, H.A. R., xxvii

Gibb Memorial Series, xxv

Gilan, 64, 86

Gilgit, 62

Girnar (Junagarh), 71

Gisu Daraz, Banda Nawaz, Khawaja (d. 1422), 246, 247, 253, 257

Gita-Govind, songs of the cowherd, 359

Gizduvan, 268

Gladwin, Francis (d. 1813), xxiii

glassware, manufacturing centres, 211

Goa, xxiv, xxx, 72-4, 79, 83, 86-89; 127

God, in the Shah-nama, 154; the Hindu concept of, 251;in Nath ideologies, 256; Miyan Mir's trust in 266; Hindu ideal of self-abandonment in, 354

Godavari, 60, 61, 81

Gokul, near Mathura, 257, 368

Gokula, a Jat zamindar, 135

Gumbad, Round Dome of Bijapur, 287

gold, into India, 221, 225

Golden Palace, Fathpur-Sikri, 293

Golkonda, xxx, xxxiv, 77, 86-8, 124-8, 138-43, 224, 274, 287, 288

Gombroo, 224; see Bandar 'Abbas

Gonds, 122

Gondvana, 66, 69, 71

Gopis, herd girls, 257, 357, 359, 369

Gora, the potter saint, 358

Gorakhnath, 358, 359

Gorakhpur, 52, 362

Gorakhtari, 365

Gorgan, 53

Goverdhan, a seventeenth-century painter, 301

Goverdhan hill, 368 388

388

governor, duties, 191, 192

Govind, 366

Govind Das, 360

Govindaraja Tomer, 20

Gospel, 5

de Graaf, Nicholas, 25

Grace, 267

graveyards, separate for occupational groups, 211

Greece, 1

Greek, source of Idrisi, xxvii; philosophy, 218; translations under Ma 'mun, 232; inspires Akbar's philosophical traditions, 233

grenades, hand, killed Sher Shah, 101

Gresham's law, 47

grocers, 216

guerrilla warfare, in the Deccan in Akbar's reign, 112, 113; Khan-i Jahan Lodi unsuited to, 121;Bundelas invincible in, 122; Khushhal Khan Khatak's against Aurangzib, 136; suitability of Maharashtra terrain to, 141

Guhilaputra, 104

Guhilots, 104

guilds, 226, 247, 252

Gujar, tribe, 100, 201, 205

Gujarat, visited by European travellers, xxviii; conquered by 'Ala'u'd-Din Khalji, 37; independent sultanate of, 69-73; Murad declares himself independent in, 128; monuments of, 283-285; xxxi, xxxii, 11, 14, 19, 40, 41, 43, 49, 52, 53, 55, 61, 66-9, 70-80, 96, 105, 112, 131, 144, 150, 152, 172, 178, 180, 183, 184, 191, 196, 206, 211, 213, 219, 220, 223, 225, 228, 233, 240, 242, 245, 246, 258-63, 272, 273, 290, 291, 298, 305, 306

Gujarati, merchants, 223, 224, 225; fair in commercial dealings, 226; dialect 361

Gulbadan Begum, 114, 201

Gulbarga, 46, 49, 76, 77, 246

Gulshan-i Ibrahim by Firishta, xxii

gunas, constituent qualities, 356

gunpowder, 179, 225

guns, in Panipat, 93; in Kanwah, 94

Gupta, age, 422

Gurdaspur, 104

Gurjara-Partihara dynasty, xxvii, 308

Gurshasp, Baha'u'd-Din, 46

guru, spiritual director, voice of God in Guru Nanak's teachings, 364, 365

Guru Amar Das (1552-74), 365

Guru Angad (1539-52), 364

Guru Arjan (1581-1606), executed by Jahangir, 116, 135

Guru Granth Sahib, 365, 366

Guru Gobind (1675-1708), reorganization of Sikhs by, 144, 145; assassinated, 148, 149; prohibits tobacco, 207

Guru Har Ray (1144-61), friendly with Dara Shukoh, 135

Guru Hargobind (1606-44), 135

Guru ka sabad, Gurus word, 365

Guru Nanak (1469-1539), 1, 364-6

Guru Tegh Bahadur (1661-75), 136, 144

gurmat, 364, 365

Gwalior, 21, 27, 28, 32, 36, 41, 42, 65, 66, 90, 100, 105, 113, 121, 132, 135, 262, 263, 271, 284, 290

gypsies, 304

Habib, Muhammad, 23

Habshis, in Bengal politics, 58; faction in the Deccan, 77, 112; role in Indian life and politics, 196, 197

hadis, traditions, Prophet Muhammad's sayings and actions, 6, 161; teachings of 217; Indian scholars of, 261, 262

Hafiz Shattari, Shaykh, 262

Haig, T. W., xxv

hajibs, deputies of the master of ceremonies, see na'ib barbak, 168

hajibu'l-hujjab, commander-in-chief of the guards, 12

Hajjaj bin Yusuf (694-714), Umayyad governor of Iraq, 9; grants zimmi status to Hindus, 10; commissions Qutayba to conquer Transoxiana, 12

Hajji Begum, builds Humayun's tomb, 290

Hajjipur, 262

Hakim, Mirza Muhammad, Akbar's half-brother, 109, 111

Hakim Sur, Afghan ally of Maharana Pratap, 168

Hakluyt Society, xxviii

hal, mystic state or enlightenment, 239, 240

Haldighati, Maharana Pratap's heroic battle against Akbar, 107

Hallaj, Husayn ibn Mansar (executed 922), 230, 239, 245

halo, surround Mughal rulers, 301

Hama Ust, All is He, 265

Hamadani, Mir Sayyid 'Ali (d. 1385), 247, 248

Hamid, Shaykh, Qadiriyya (d. 1571), 263

Hamida Banu Begum, Akbar's mother, 102, 114, 201

Hamidu'd-Din Nagauri, Shaykh (d. 1274), 242, 243, 256

Hamidu'd-Din, Qazi, maliku't-tujjar, 226, 227

Hamilton, Charles (d. 1792), xxiii

Hamir Deva, 37

Hammir (1314-78), 60

Hamza Makhdum, Shaykh, of Kashmir, 248

Hamza - nama, 298

389

Hanbila, followers of Ahmad bin Hanbal, 7

Hanafi, see Hanafiyya

Hanafi, law, on death sentence, 108

Hanafiyya, school of law founded by Abu Hanifa, 7; official religion of the 'Abbasids, 8; fiqh works, 162, 163; immortality of the law, 197; permission of mut'a (q.v.), 200

Hanbal, Ahmad bin (780- 855), 7

Hansi, 23, 24, 30, 206

Hanuman, monkey God, on Golden Palace in Fathpur-Sikri, 293, 357, 360, 369

Haqi'iq-i Hindi, 257

haqiqa, reality, 239

Har Singh Deva, Raja, of Tirhut, 45

Aaron sari, royal palace for ladies, in Fathpur-Sikri, 292, 293

Harauti, 68

Hardy, P., 182

Hari, see Krishna, 360, 363, 367

Hari Krishna, the younger brother of Rama Ray, 135

Haridra, river, 86

Haridvar, xxxii, 53, 132

Harihara, founder of Vijayanagara dynasty, 84, 85

Harihara II (1377-1404) of Vijayanagara, 81

Harpala Deva, of Devagiri, 42

Harvey, William (1578- 1657), xxxiv, 235

Hasan, Imam, 'Ali ibn Abi Talib's son, the second Imam, 5

Hasan, Farid's father, 97

Hasan Abdal, 111, 136

Hasan 'Askari, the eleventh Imam (d. 873-4) 125

Hasan Baradu, see Khusraw Khan

Hasan Basri (642-728), 237

Hasan Kangu, 49, 76

Hasan Khan Mewati, an ally of Rana Sanga, 93

Hasanitu'l-'arifin by Dara Shukoh, 267

hasham-i atrif, troopers posted in the provincial headquarters, 173

hasham-i aalb, royal cavalry under the direct control of the sultan, 173

Hashim, Mir, a seventeenth-century painter, 301

Hashimites, Prophet Muhammad's clan, 3

hasil, a term for kharaj (q.v.), 184

Hastings, Warren (1774- 85), xxii-xxiv

Hathayoga, 256

Hawkins, Captain William (1608-13), xxxi, 224

Hawz-iKhass, 212, 217

HaybatKhan, 31

Haydari Qalandar, 35, 249

Hazara Rama, temple in Vijayanagara, 288

Hazrat, equated with Hari by Kabir, 365

Hazramawt 173

headman, duties in Akbar's reign, 186

Heath, Captain, 146

Hellenistic schools, 232

hemp ropes, for measuring land, 185

Henriquez, Father Francis, of the First Jesuit Mission to Akbar's court, xxix

hexameter, Greek and Latin, 306

Hibbari, hereditary government of Sind, 11

Hidiya by Marghinani, xxiii, 217

Hijli, 146

hijra, Prophet Muhammad's immigration to Medina, 2

Himalayan kingdom, 47, 173

Himalayas, 55, 59, 173, 206

Himu, Dhusar, 102, 104

Hinawr (Honovar), 73

Hindal, Babur's youngest son, 95, 98, 102, 103, 262

Hindawi, see Hindi

Hindi, alleged Duean of Sa'd Salman in, 18; on the coins of Iltutmish, 157; treatise by Khwandamir Mahdawi, 260; inscription on a pier of Bir Bal's house in Fathpur-Sikri, 293; bhakti, poets of, 366-9, see Nagri

Hindola Mahal (Swinging Palace), in Mandu, 284

Hindu, eighteenth-century revival, xviii; Balban's discriminations against, 158; expulsion from government positions advocated by Barani, 160; Mujaddid's hostility to, 162, 269; troopers in the army, 263; in the infantry, 174; custom of buying as slaves detested by Akbar, 178; controversy over the status of, 182; villages founded by high caste, 205; values of justice, 210; attitude towards sodomy, 253; philosophy, 254; carvings on the Qutb Minar, 278; motifs, 279-280

Hindu ascetics, Jahangir's respect for, 119

Hindu chiefs, Muslims settled under, 16; impoverishment in 'Ala'u'd-Din Khalji's reign, 164

Hindu Kush, mountains, 112

Hindu self rule, Shivaji's ideal, 141

Hindu Shahi, rulers of Kabul region, 42; end of the dynasty, 15; urban economy, 16

Hinduism, as a source of sufism, 238; al-BIruni on, 251-3

Hindustan, xviii, 131, 132, 204, 210

Hindustani, xviii, 131, 132

Hira cave, in Mecca, 2

Hisar, 19, 20, 205

Histoire, The, of Father Pierre dujarric, xxix

Historical Fragments of the Mogul Empire, by Robert Orme, xxiii

History of India, The by Elphinstone, xxiv

390

History of India as Told by its Own Historians, by Elliot and Dowson, xxv

History of India under Babur and Humanyun by Erskine, xxiv

History of Sufism in India, A by S. A. A. Rizvi, xxxv

hiyal, devices to overcome shari'a prohibitions, 163

hladini Shakti, joy giving energy. 359

Hodivala, S. H , xxv

Holland, 193

Honovar, 73

hookah, 315

horse-post, 192

horses, supply from Tibet region, 22; Portuguese monopoly over the trade of, 74; make the Bahmanid militarily superior, 86; exported by Arabs to Vijayanagara from Aden and Hurmuz, 87; branded by SherShah, 101; branded byMughals, 109, 173; import of, 173, 226; to be maintained by mansabdars, 176; export of 221; Hindu brokers not efficient in the sale of, 230

hospitals, in Firuz Shah's reign, 51

houses, thatched, 214, 216

Hoysalas, 40, 41, 73, 86

Hugli, Portuguese defeated at, 122, 223; East India Company defeated at, 145

Hujwiri, 'All bin 'Usman, Dili GanjBakhsh, 18, 238, 255

hukam, the divine 'order', 365

Huligu Khan (1256-65), the Ilkhanid, 30, 157

Humam, Hakim, 275

Humayun, Emperor (1530-40, 1555), Gujarat expedition, 96, 97; driven out of India, 97-9; character, 104; unable to control the nobles, 199; features of the tomb of, 290-91; xxiii, '72, 100, 103-5, 178, 198, 201, 212, 241 262, 274, 275, 298, 300

Humayun Shah (1458-61), the Bahmanid sultan, 78

Hund (Waihind), 13

hundis, bills of exchange, 227

Hurmuz (Ormuz), xxx, 83, 87, 221, 224

Husamu'd-Din, Baradu, 42

Husamu'd-Din, Khwaja, 272

Husamu'd-Din 'Iwaz Khalji, 25

Husayn, Imam, martyred at Karbala, 5

Husayn 'All, Sayyid of Barha, 149

Husayn Ghuri of Malwa, 66

Husayn Mirza, the Timurid sultan (1469-1506), 248

Husayn Nizam Shah (1553- 65) of Ahmadnagar, 82

Husayn Shah, 'Ala'u'd-Din (1494-1519), of Bengal, 58

Husayn Shah Sharqi (1458- 79), 65, 90, 259, 282, 305

Husayni (Jaunpuri), a musical melody, 305

Husayni, Sayyid Muhammad bin Ja'far al- Makki, 245

al-Husayni, Shaykh, a Qadiriyya sufl, 263

Hushang Shah (1406-35), of Malwa, 66-76, 284

Hushangabad, 112

Hyderabad (Deccan), Aurangzib's army ransack, 126; plundered second time by Aurangzib's army, 142; xxi, xxv, 143, 204, 261, 288

Hyderabad (Sind), 9

'ibidit, prayers and rituals, 7

'IbadatKhina (literally House of Worship), Akbar's debating hall, 107, 108

Iblis, Devil, 238

Ibn Battuta, Moorish traveller, arrives in India in 1333, xxvi; 45, 76, 159, 192, 193, 201, 204, 211, 222, 223, 240, 249, 250, 278

Ibn Khaldun, 'Abdu'r-Rahman, ibn (d. 1406), 258

Ibn Sina, see Avicenna

Ibnu'l 'Arabi, Shaykh al- Akbar, Muhiyu'd-Din (1165-1240), 236, 239, 246, 254, 263, 266, 267

Ibrahim 'Adil Shah (1535-58), of Bijapur, 82

Ibrahim Khan, 167

Ibrahim Lodi, Sultan (1517-26), 61, 90-2, 94

Ibrahim QutbShah (1550- 80) of Golkonda, 82

Ibrahim Shah Sharqi (1401-40), Sultan of Jaunpur, 57, 65, 282

'id, prayers, stopped by Muhammad bin Tughluq, 158

Idar, 61, 70

idol, contrast in the attitudes of Mu'awiya and Mahmud of Ghazni towards, 251; attitude of Amir Khusraw towards, 253; attitude of Mulla Shah towards, 266; in the cloisters of Quwwatu'l-Islam mosque 278

idolatory, Mcccan, 4; alledged introduction by Nasiru'd-Din Khusraw, 43

Idrisi, Sharif (d. 1165), xxvii,

'Idu'l azha, the feast when a lamb, a goat, a cow or a camel is sacrificed, 215

'Idu'l-filr, the feast of alms, 215

Ihqdqu'l-Haqq by Qazi Nuru'llah Shustari, 275