The wonder that was india

409

Haqq, 264

Sayyid 'Ali, the Iranian painter, 298

Sayyid brothers, 149

Sayyid Mahmud son or Sayyid Muhammad of Jaunpur, 259

Sayyid Muhammad of Jaunpur, claimed himself to be Mahdi, 258, 259

Sayyid Sultan (d. 1668) of Chittagong, a Bengali Sufi poet, 257

Sayyids, in Muhammad bin Tughluq's reign, 48-9; rulers, 55-5, 65; towns founded by, 212; architecture, 281 199, 201, 205

Sayyidu's-Salatin, chief of the sultans, the title of Firuz Tughluq, 159

schedules, of crop rates in Sher Shah's reign, 185; of seasonal harvests, 185

schools, run by madad-i ma'ash-holders, 189

Schopenhauer, the German philosopher, 255

Scott, Jonathan (d. 1829), xxiii screens, in mosques and tombs, 286, 291, 293, 294, 296

scribes, professional, 218

secretaries, syllabus for, 218-19

Sehwan.9, 206

Selim (1512-20), the Ottoman sultan, 160

Seljuq (1038-1194), 16, 156

Sena, the barber bhakta, 359, 366

Sena, of Bengal, 21

Seringapatam, 303

seths, banker, 207

Shab-i barat, the fifteenth night of the eighth month Sha'ban, 215, 240

Sha'ban, the eighth month in the Muslim calendar, 240

al-Shafi'i (767-820), founder of the Shafi'i fiqh, 7, 200, 201

Shah 'Abbas Safavi (1588- 1629) of Iran, 123

Shah 'Abdu'llah, the founder of the Shattariyya order, 261, 262

Shah 'Alam, see Shah Manjhan Shah 'Alam II (1760-88, 1788-1806) the Mughal emperor, 153

Shah Burj, chamber for secret state business in Shahjahan's reign, 169

Shah Ismail Safavi (1501- 24) oflran, 91, 273, 274

Shah Manjhan, an eminent Suhrawardiyya of Gujarat, 240

Shah Mir, of Kashmir, 62, 64

Shah Nawaz Khan, 108

Shah Raziu'd-Din, 273

Shah Rukh (1405-47), the Timurid, xxviii, 86

Shah San Safavi (1629-42) of Iran, 123

Shah Tahir (d. 1549), the Shil missionary in Ahmadnagar, 273

Shah Tahmasp Safavi (1524-76) of Iran, 103

Shah Turkan, Iltutmish's queen, 28

Shahanshah, custodian of mystical charisma in Iran, 155, 157, 158

Shahdara, near Lahore 249

Shahjahan, reign of, 120- 133; changes in laws in the reign of, 167; pay schedules, 174; founder of Shahjahanibad, 214; invites Virji Vohra to explain grievances, 227; monuments, 294, 295, 296; painting, 301, 302; music, 306; xxxiv, 143, 146, 162, 171, 177, 183, 197, 201, 202, 206, 212, 214, 227, 234, 263, 264, 266, 267, 271, 275, 290

Shahjahanibad, Shahjahan's New Delhi, 214

Shahji Bhonsle, 123, 124, 127

Shah-nama, by Firdawsi, a Persian epic, 15, 158; watershed in the history of Islamic political thought, 155

Shahpur, 100, 212

Shahryar, youngest son of Jahangir, 117, 119, 120

Shaivism, 355

Shaivite, 355

Shambhaji, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144

Shams al-bazigha, 234

Shams Khan Dandani, 69

Shamsabad, 65

Shamsu'd-Din 'Iraqi, Mir, 248

Shamsu'd-Din Muhammad (1463-82), the Bahmanid sultan, 78-80

Shanaq, see Chanakya Shankara (788-820), 355, 356

Shans, of Assam, 59

Shantidas Jawhari, 228, 229

shari'a, erection of new temples prohibited by, 133; repercussion of open violations, 154, 159, 160; compliance with by kings, 162; Aurangzib's views of kingship in, 162; relations with custom and necessity, 163; punishments on political and criminal offences, 164; under Sultan Firuz, 165; laws of evidence as modified by Akbar, 166; remission of taxes not sanctioned by, 180; violation by Delhi sultans and Mughals, 181, 182; courts of, 187; violation by qazis, 188; implementation by governors of, 191; implementation by fawjdars, 194, 195; influence on political institutions, 197; procedures of, 228; influence on sufism, 239; prosperity of iqta's paying taxes based on, 240; violation by Qalandars, 249; Mahdawis' devotion to, 260, 261; in Naqshbandiyya sufism, 268 , 199, 257, 264

Sharif, Muhammad,

410

I'timadu'd-Dawla's son, 117

Sharqis, rule, 64-6, 282, 283 60, 89, 90

Shash, see Tashkend shattar, fast runner, 26) Shattariyyas, 261-3

Shayasta Khan, governor of Bengal, 134, 138, 139, 212, 234

al-Shaybani (d. 805), Imam, jurist, 7

Shaybani Khan Uzbek (1500-10), conqueror of Transoxiana, 91, 92

Shaykh Phul, the Shattariyya sufi, killed by Hindal, 98

Shaykhs, 199, 213

Shaykhu'l-Islam, the leader of the Muslim community, 240

Shaykhupura, 205

Shaykhzadas, descendants of sufi saints, 199; marry brahman girls, 201

Sher Afgan, Nur Jahan's first husband, 117

Sher Khan, governor of Bhatinda, 31, 32

Sher Khan Sur, see Sher

Shah Sur Sher Mandal, 289

Sher Shah Sur (1540-5); defeats Humayun and drives him out of India, 97, 98; roads built by, 219; 68, 96, 107, 160, 189, 191, 212, 241, 262, 289

Sherif of Mecca, on the Mujaddid's infidelity, 271

Sherpur, 102

Shihabu'd-Din, 'Ala'u'd- Din's son, 42

Shihabu'd-Din (1354-73),

Sultan of Kashmir, 63

Shihabu'd-Din Mahmud (1482-1518), Bahmanid sultan, 80

Shihabu'd-Din Muhammad Ghuri, see Mu'izzu'd-Din Muhammad

Shi'is, partisans of 'Ali, 5; hadis, 6;law, 8; persecution by Firuz, 50, 51; Qara Qoyunlu tribe of Azerbayjan and Iran, 80; Bijapur and Golkonda make state religion, 80, 81; Babur's gestures towards, 92; Humayun's lifestyle in Iran, 103; not propagated by Bayram Khan, 106; conflicts in Delhi with Sunnis, 151; mourning ceremonies banned by 'Alamgir II, 152; suppressed by muhtasibs in Aurangzib's reign, 189; Mir Shamsu'd-Din propagates in Kashmir, 248; Naqshbandiyya hostility to, 268, 269; Mujaddid's hostility to, 269; in India, 272-6

ships, Portuguese superiority over Arab, 73, 74; English seize Mughal, 146; in Akbar's reign, 179, 220

Shiraz, xxvi

Shirazi, painting techniques, 297, 298

Shiva, 355, 357

Shivaji, Chatrapati Maratha king, vision of government, xviii; conquers Bijapur territories, 127; Aurangzib's terms to, 128; visits Agra, imprisoned but escapes, 139; war of Maratha independence by, 137-41; xxxv, 133, 134

Shivaji II, Rajaram's son, 144

Sholapur, 81, 82

Shouten, Wouter, xxxv

Shuja', Prince (b. 1616), Shahjahan's son, 127; war of succession, 127-8, 130, 131; driven out of India by Mir Jumla, 132; duty on East India imports in Bengal, 146; interest in philosophy, 234; Shi'i leanings, 275

Shuja'u'd-Dawla, the nawwab of Avadh (1754-75), 152, 255

shurta, police, 188

Shustari, Qazi Nuru'llah (1549-1610), as a qazi of Lahore, 187; contributions to Shi'ism, 274, 275

Shyama, see Krishna Sialkot, 19, 55, 92

Sicily, xxvii, 251

Siddhas, 256, 257

Siddis, 141

Sidi Mawla, dervish, accused of rebellion, 35, 249

Sidi Sayyid, mosque, screen in, 286

Siffin, 5, 231

Sihwan, 250

sijda, prostration, 168

Sijistan, see Sistan Sikandar (1358-90)

successor of Ilyas of Bengal, 52, 57, 283

Sikandar (1389-1413),

Sultan of Kashmir, 62, 248, 286

Sikandar 'Adil Shah of Bijapur, 140, 142

Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517), the Afghan sultan, 65, 66, 89-92, 97, 111, 217, 234, 241

Sikandara, Akbar's tomb at, 144, 293

sikh-i muhr, rod of the seal, 249

Sikhs, xvii, 117, 144, 145, 149, 152, 207, 210

Sikri, 93, 94, 107, see Fathpur-Sikri silahdars, counterpart of modern commandos, 168

Silahdi, 68, 72

Silahdi Purbiya Puranmal, 100

silsilas, spiritual chains, sufi orders, 239, 240, 241

Simnani, 'Ala'u'd-Dawla (d. 1336), 246, 247

Simnani, Sayyid Muhammad Ashraf Jahangir (d. c. 1436), 273

Sind, conquered by Arabs, 8-12; xxvii, 15, 19-20, 23, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 50, 51, 71, 103, 111, 112, 128, 129, 131, 151, 161, 165, 183, 184, 191, 198, 199, 206,

411

211, 220, 221, 237, 238, 250, 251, 260, 261, 263, 265, 273

Sind, Lower, 9, 18, 19, 52, 130, 131, 221, 273

Sind, Upper, 9, 23, 100

Sind, Sagar Doab, 25

Sindi, 360

Sinhana, 36

Sinsani, 144

sipahsalar, a commander of less than one hundred under the Delhi sultans, 173; a governor under the Mughais, 192

Siphihr Shukoh, Dara Shukoh's younger son, 131

Siraju'd-Dawla, of Bengal, 152

Siraju'l-muluk by Turtuihi, 156, 157, 161

Sirhind, xxxv, 99, 103, 144, 149, 151, 220, 266, 269

Sirhindi, Hajji Ibrahim, 107

Sirhindi, Shaykh Ahmad, see Mujaddid

Siri (Shahpur village), 37, 212

Sirmur hills, 53

Sirohi, 61, 107

Sirsa, 43

Sisodia, 60

Sistan, 13, 15, 53, 242

Sisupala, 358

Sita, 358, 360

sitar, a long-necked lute, 304

Siva, 256, 257, see also Shiva

Sivaji, see Shivaji

Siwana, 40

Siwistan, 191, 265

siyaq, accountancy, 219

Siyaru'l-muta'akhkhirin, by Ghulam Husayn Khan Tabataba'i, xxiii

Siyasat-nama, by Nizamu'l-Mulk Tusi, 163

slave girls, duties in the palace of Ghiyas Shah of Malwa, 67; price, 204

slaves, from Transoxiana, 12, 19; in the palace of Ghiyas Shah of Malwa, 67; Akbar's prohibitions to make war-prisoners, 106; Akbar allowed the repurchase of, 166; in the infantry, 174; called Mas by Akbar, 178; training, 202, 203; under the Delhi sultans and the Mughals, 203, 204; bought by Dutch for Spice Islands, 225

Smith, V. A., 109, 110

Soda, a tribe of Kacch, 71

sodomy, Hindu and Turk attitude contrasted by al- Biruni, 253

Somnath, 14, 15, 251

soul, in sufism, 238; in Yoga-Sutra, 255

soratha, a form of Hindi poetry, 362

South India, 219, 360, 367

Spain, xxix Spice Islands, 221-5

Sri Lanka, 40, 206, 221-3

Srinagar, xxxiii, 62, 247, 267, 274, 286

Srinath temple, 368

Srirangam temple, 356

Srirangapattanam, 87

Srivaishnava, sect, 361

Srivastava, A. L., 23

Stephens, Father Thomas (1576-1619), English Jesuit, xxx Stewart, Major, C. (d. 1837), xxiv Storey, C. A., xxvi Storia do Mogor, by Manucci, xxxiv Sohawa, 22

suba, province, 192

Subadar, Mughal governor, 192

Subh Karan Bundela, loyal to Aurangzib, 134

Subhan Quli of Balkh, 133

Subhu'l-A'sha, by al- Qalaqashandi, xxvii Subuktigin (977-97), 12, 13, 197

Sudra, origin in Al-Biruni's India, 252 suf, wool, the origin of the term sufi, 237

Sufis, origin, 236; ideologues, xx; literature, xxxv; transferred from Delhi to Daulatabad, by Muhammad bin Tughluq, 46; Muhammad bin Tughluq's concept of the duties of, 47; raise Firuz Tughluq to the throne, 50; oppose Raja Ganesha of Bengal, 57; Akbar's interest in, 106; bless the rebel Khusraw, 114; Aurangzib's opposition by, 148; ascribed irrationalism by al-Biruni to, 251; movements, 235- 50; the Hindu impact on, 255-61; New Sufi orders, 261-72; 16, 18, 27, 44, 66, 67, 70, 119, 158, 167, 168, 201, 216, 219, 227

sugar-cane, grown for sale, 206

Suha Bhatta, 63, 248

Suhadeva, 62

Suhrawardi, Shaykh Shihabu'd-Din (d. 1234- 5), 239, 245

Suhrawardiyya order, 239- 42, 247

Suhungmung (1497-1539) Ahom ruler, 59

Suko-saptati by Ziya'u'd-Din Nakhshabi, 243

Sukhpala, Jaypala's grandson converted to Islam, 13, 84

sukr, mystical intoxication, 238

Sulayman (715-17), The Umayyad Caliph, 12

Sulayman, the Magnificent (1520-66), 72

Sulayman II (1687-91), Ottoman sultan, 134

Sulayman, mountains, 197

Sulayman Shukoh, Dara Shukoh's son, 128, 129, 130-2

Sulayman Tajir (c. 851), xxvi, sultan, obedience imperative to, 155; divine right to rule, 156; title interchangeable with caliph, 158; 161, 168, 169, 171, 178

Sultan Ghari, Sultan of the Cave, 280, 281

Sultan Muhammad, Aurangzib's eldest son, 126, 127, 130-32

Sultan Muhammad,

412

Balban's eldest son, 33

Sultan Shahzada Barbak Shah, 58

Sultankot, 21

Sultanpur, in Gujarat, 69

Sultanpur, in the Panjab, 93

Sultanu'sh-Sharq, 64

Sumatra, xxvi, 221, 223

Sumra, rulers of Sind, 19, 33, 50

Sumra, of Kacch, 71

Sunam, 32, 191

Sunargaon, 33, 52, 57

Sundar Das, Dadu's disciple, 366

Sundar Das, the younger, 366

Sundaramurti, the Tamil poet, 355

sun-dials, 226

sunna, in the light of expediency, 160

Sunni, block by Aurangzib, 133; Sunm-Shil wars, 152; Balban's justice reserved for, 157; Barani's plea for strengthening the, 160; threat to state laws, 167; orthodoxy, 232; dependence on state, 233; on the traditions of Mahdi, 258; 241

sunya, void, 363

Sur Sultanate, 99-102; hereditary iqta's to the Afghans, 185, 197

Sur Sagar, Sir's Ocean by Sur Das, 368

Surajkund, 211

Surajmal, the Jat chief, 152

Surat, xxii, xxxi, xxxii, 76, 139, 140, 221, 223, 224, 227, 228

Surdas (c. 1478-1583), 368

suyurghal see madad-i ma 'ash svadhan, be constant, 359

svaramelakalanidhi, 307

Svargadvari, near Kanauj, 48

Swally, 224

Swat, xxiv, 62, 111, 149

Sylhet, 59

syllabus, religious and secular, 217-9

Syria, xxvi, xxxii, 3, 249, 263

Syriac, translation of the works of the late Hellenistic Schools from, 232

ta'aqqul, manifestation, 233

tabaqat, classes, Hindu colour divisions, 252

Tabaqat-i Nasiri by Minhaj Siraj Juzjani, xxiv, 21, 24, 31

Tabarhinda, see Bhatinda Tabataba'i, Nawwab Ghulam Husayn Khan, xxiii

taba-tibi'un, those who had seen one or more of the tabi'uns (q.v.), 237

tabi'un, those who had seen one or more of the Prophet Muhammad's associates, 237

Tafzilia, Sunnis who consider 'Ali as superior to the first three Caliphs, 274

Taghi, a Gujarat rebel, 49

Tahdhib al-akhlaq, by ibn Miskawayh, 232

Tahir, of Patan, Shaykh Muhammad, 261

tahwildar, cash keeper, 170

Ta'if, summer resort of Mecca, 1

Ta'isi, Malik, a slave of Mu'izzu'd-Din, 27

Taj Mahal, xviii, xxxiv, 133, 295, 296

Tajik, Persian speaking

Turks, 19, 28, 30

Tajikistan, 248

Taju'd-Din Firuz (1397- 1422), the Bahmanid sultan, 77

Taju'd-Din, Sambhali, Shaykh, 269

talas, musical rhythms, 304

Talikota, 83, 88

Talwandi, 363

Talwandi Sabo (Damdama), 145

tamas, dullness, 356

Tamerlane, see Timur tamgha, transit dues, remitted by Babur on Muslim merchandise, 94

Tamil, 355, 356

Tamil, printing, 218

Tamilnadu, 43, 76

Tangier, xxvi Tanjore, 302

tankas, coins of high value mainly of silver, 38, 47, 185, 324

tankhwah jagir, jagir (q.v.) assigned in lieu of salary, 177

Tansen, Miyan (1555- 1610), 303, 306, 307

Tantipura, mosque of Gaur, 283

Tantric, influence on sufism, 270; cults, 358

Tapti, the river, 68, 221

Taq-i Kisra, 280

taqawi, loan for the improvement of cultivation, 192

taqlid, unquestioning obedience to the doctrines of any of the four schools of Sunni jurisprudence, 8

Tara Ba'i, Rajaram's widow, 144

Taraghay, Amir, 53

Tara'in (near Thaneswar), 19, 25

tarana, a melodic form, 304

Tarbiyat Khan, Aurangzib's envoy to Iran, 133

Targhi, the Mongol invader, 37

Tarikh-i Alfi, by a board of compilers but mainly by Mulla Ahmad and Asaf Khan, 275, 299

Tarikh-i Firishta, by Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah, xxii, xxiii Tarikh-i Firuz Shahi, by Barani, 159

Tarikh-i Khandan-i Timuriyya, anonymous, 299

Tartaq, the Mongol invader, 198

Tartars, 220

Tashkend, 12

Ti Sin al-Azal by Hallaj, 238

taslim, form of salutation, 168

Tatar Khan, a nobleman of Firuz Tughluq, 50

Tavernier, — , xxxiii, xxxiv, 180, 227, 230

413

tawajjuh, spiritual telepathy, 236

Telingana, 40, 41, 45, 48, 77, 80, 124, 206, 219

Telingani, 51

Telugu, 82, 84, 367

temples, razed to the ground, xvii; plundered and destroyed by Mahmud of Ghazni, 14, 15;Maha-kal of Ujjain destroyed by Iltutmish, 27; idols of Jha'in destroyed byJalalu'd-Din Khalji, 35; Somnath again sacked in 'Ala'u'd-Din Khalji's reign, 37; Madura'i temples plundered by Malik Kafur, 41; Jagannath at Purl destroyed by Firuz Tughluq, 52, 60; erected by Jains in Rajasthan, 61; Martand in Kashmir destroyed, its rebuilding, 63, 248; Orcha temple built by Bir Singh Deva in Jahangur's reign and destroyed by Shahjahan, 122; destroyed in the first year of Aurangzib's reign 133; destroyed by Aurangzib in Jodhpur, 137;Rani Hadi of Jodhpur offers to destroy, 137; Aurangzib's general order to demolish, 138; Aurangzib demolished Banaras and Mathura temples, 138; plundered by Ahmad Shah Durrani in Mathura, 152; muhtasibs' duty in Aurangzib's reign to destroy, 189; restored by Shahjahan to Shantidas, 228, 229; Sanskrit manuscripts from Jwalamukhi translated, 253; destruction by Qutbu'd-Din Aybak, 278; destruction of Atala Devi injaunpur, 282; material used injaunpur and Bengal mosques, 282, 283; material used in Dhar and Mandu mosques, 283, 284; material used in early Gujarati monuments, 285; material used in Kashmir monuments, 288

terra-cotta, in Shaykh Ruknu'd-Din Multani's tomb, 281; in Chota Sona Masjid and in Firuz Minar in Bengal, 283

Terry, Edward (1616-19), xxxii

Tevaram, anthologies of Shaivite hymns in Tamil, 355

Thailand, 221

Thakkura Pheru, xxi

thakuras, Hindu chiefs, in Sind, 10, 18

Thalnir, 69

Thana, near Bombay, 9

thanadar, controller of thanas (q.v.) 194

thanas, military outposts, units of fawjdari (q.v.), 194, 210

Thaneswar, 246

Thanjavur, 88

Thatta, xxx, 50, 51, 52, 159, 191, 220, 224, 259, 275, 277

Thevenot, Jean de, xxxiii, xxxiv, 179-81

Thomas, on horses, 173

Tibet, 22, 47, 112, 122

Tiginabad (Qandahar), 16

Tila, a Jat disciple of Dadu, 366

tiles, in Shaykh Ruknu'd-Din Multani's tomb, 281; in Firuz Tughluq's tomb, 281; in Firuz Minar at Gaur, 283; in Mahmud Gawan's tomb at Bidar and in Chand Minar at Daulatabad, 287

tillina, a South Indian melodic form, 305

Timor, 221

Timour, see Timur

Timur (1370-1405), xxii, 53, 62, 66, 69, 86, 91, 92, 160, 212, 241, 246, 273

Timurid, 96, 198, 219, 248

Tin Darwaza, at Ahmadabad, 285

Tippera, 59

Tipu Sultan, 303

Tirhut, 45, 51, 59, 60, 64, 65, 90, 98

Tirukkural, Sacred Couplets, 355

Tirumurai sacred books of the Tamil Shaivites, 355

Tiruvalluvar, the authorship of Tirukkural ascribed to, 355

Tiruvasagam, of Manikka Vasagar, 355

tobacco, fatwas (q.v.), against, 206

Todar Mal, Raja, Akbar's diwan (q.v.), 107, 109, 124, 172, 199

tolls, 180, 220

Tomars, 19, 20, 23, 96

Torah, 5

town planning, of Daulatabad, 213

towns, Sultankot near Bayana, 21; around caravanserais, 101, 102; number in Akbar's reign, 204; growth of, 210; founding of, 211

toys, European novelties, 225

transit dues, 180

Transoxiana, xxvi, 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 18, 25, 33, 37, 50, 62, 63, 91, 111, 112, 113, 123, 203, 219, 249, 262, 268, 269

The Travels of Ibn Battuta, xxvii

tribes, North West, in Akbar's reign, iii; in Shahjahan's reign, 122, 123; in Aurangzib's reign, 136

Trichinopoly, 86

Trilochanapala, 14, 15

Trinity, 251

Trivandrum, 302

Ts'wan-chow-fu, 223

Tudor, arches in Bijapur, 287

Tughan Khan, 29

Tughluq, dynasty, 44-55, 77, 85, 86, 280-2, 286

Tughluqabad, 45, 47, 212, 281

Tughluqpur, see Tirhut Tughril, Balban's rebel governor of Bengal, 31-3, 249

Tuhfalu'l-Hind, by Mirza 414

414

Muhammad, 306

tui-begis, controller of marriage regulations, 166

Tukarim (1598-1650), the Maratha poet and saint, 359

Tulsidas, (1532-1623), author of the Hindi Ramayana, 368, 369

Tungabhadra, the river, 79, 84, 86, 288

Tur, in Fars, 238

Turinis, dissatisfaction under Akbar, 106; rebellion in Bihar and Bengal, 109; efforts to seize Golkonda fort under Aurangzib, 142; in the eighteenth century, 149; 152, 158, 178, 198, 199, 215

Turbat-i Haydar, near Mashhad in Iran, 249

Turkan Khatun, Raziyya's mother, 201

Turkey, explosive devices introduced into India through, 178; xxvii, 8, 123, 225, 239, 261

Turkic, conquests and ruling dynasties, 12-55; xix, 89, 267, 197, 211, 216

Turkish Sultana's palace, 292

Turkistan, 33, 34, 226

Turks, causes of the victory, 23; divinely ordained mission, 196; attitude towards sodomy, 253

turushkadanda, 63, 248, see Turtushi, Abu Bakr Muhammad (1059- c.1127), 156, 157, 161

Tusi, Khwaja Nasiru'd-Din (1201-74), 160, 161

Tusi, Nizamu'l-Mulk (1018-92), 156-8

Tuti-nama (stories from a parrot) by Nakhshabi, 243, 298, 299

tuyul, same as jagir (q.v.), 177

Tuzuk-i Jahangiri, Jahangir's memoirs, xxv, 120,

type-caster, failure of, 226

Udaipur, 60, 108, 109, 137

Udham Bai, 151

Uhud, The frophet Muhammad defeated at, 3

Ujjain, xxx, xxxii, 27, 40, 128, 129, 144, 191

'uiama' (plural of 'alim, Muslim religious scholar), 8; oppose ordeal by fire, 35; transferred by Muhammad bin Tughluq from Delhi to Daulatabad, 46; raise Firuz Tughluq to throne, 50; oppose Raja Ganesha's rule in Bengal, 57; defeated in the 'Ibadat Khana, 107; sign the mahzar (q.v.) in Akbar's reign, 109; war against Akbar, 109; domination in Aurangzib's reign, 146; difference of opinion on the status of Hindus among, 182; oppose Akbar's remission of jizya, 182; transform Islam into the religion of law, 186, 187; on polygamy, 200; condemn tobacco, 206; condemn hoarding, 207; education to produce, 216, 217; not interested in Akbar's code of education, 218; Abu'l-Fazl's victory over, 234; discussion with sufis, 240; eminent Bihari sufis executed by, 241; hostility against Mahdawis, 229; fatwa against Majma'u'l-bahrayn, 131; Mujaddid's criticism of the worldy, 269; issue fatwas against Mujaddid, 271; 11, 42, 66, 67, 158, 164, 168, 201, 204, 241, 242, 244, 245, 274, 275

ulaq, horse post, 192

Uljaytu Khudabands (1304-17), 273

Ultimate Reality, 256, 363

Ulugh Khan, 'Ala'u'd-Din Khalji's brother, 37

'Umar al-Khattab (634- 44), the Second Caliph, 3, 4, 9, 69, 160

'Umar bin 'Abdu'i-'Aziz (717-20), the Umayyad Caliph, policy of conversion of Hindus, 11

'Umar bin 'Abdu'l-Aziz Habbari, 11

'Umar Shaykh Mirza, Babur's father, 142

'Umara, nobles, 156

al-'Umari, Shihabu'd-Din (d. 1348), xxvii, 173

Umayyad (661-750), the ruling dynasty after 'Ali's martyrdom, 5; forward policy, 8, 9; condemned as irreligious, 134; 167, 251, 272

'Umman, 9

Unity of Being, see Wahdatu'l-Wujid Universal Divinity, 238

Upanishads, 254, 266, 354

'uqubat, punishment, 6

urban society, xix, 220

urban taxes, 51, 138

urbanization, Balban's efforts 32; promotion under Firuz Tughluq, 51

'urf, local customs, 163

'ushr, one-tenth of land revenue paid by Muslims, 183

'ushri, land paying 'ushr, 183, 184

'Usmin (644-56), The Third Caliph 4, 274

USSR, 247

Usul Bazudi, 217

usury, avoided by Muslim merchants, 227

Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) 121, 149, 184

Uzbeks, 92, 95, 123, 129, 133, 220, 268, 274

uzuk, small signet ring, 202

Vaghela, Raja of Gujarat, 19

vairagis, mendicants, 362

Vaishnavas, peace with Jainas in Vijayanagara, 86